露天煤矿生态复垦区刺槐+油松混交林下草本植物组成及空间分布格局

以安太堡露天煤矿生态复垦区0.8 hm2刺槐+油松混交林样地为研究平台,基于样地内320个1 m×1 m草本样方的调查数据,对复垦17年后草本层的物种组成、基本数量特征和空间分布等进行研究.结果表明:样地内草本层物种组成丰富,共调查到44种植物,隶属于16科30属,其中禾本科和菊科为优势科,黄花蒿、披碱草和大籽蒿为优势种,初期种植种无芒雀麦等退化严重;重要值、多度和频度在各科和各种之间差值较大;优势科和优势种分布广泛,但物种分布呈现出明显的空间异质性.     

不同生态区土壤溶磷微生物的分布特征及影响因子

研究了盐渍区、重金属污染区和磷矿区土壤中溶磷微生物的数量、组成及与部分土壤化学因子的关系。结果表明,溶磷微生物在不同生态区土壤中的分布各不相同,磷矿区土壤中溶磷微生物数量和种群丰度普遍高于重金属污染区和盐渍区,但优势种属间数量差异不明显。重金属污染土壤中溶磷细菌比例较高,但种群单一,主要以巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)为优势种,重金属污染区溶磷细菌比例与土壤重金属综合污染指数呈显著正相关(P<0.01),溶磷细菌丰度与有机质含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。盐渍土中溶磷细菌比例小,优势种群为巨大芽孢杆菌、假单胞杆菌属(Pseudomonassp.)和黄单胞杆菌属(Flavobacteriumsp.),其数量和种群丰度分别与有机质和有效磷含量呈显著相关关系(P<0.05)。     

EFFECTS OF PLACER GOLD MINING ON PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN SUBARCTIC STREAMS OF ALASKA1

ABSTRACT: Turbidity, total residues, settleable solids, vertical light extinction, and primary production were measured in mined and unmined streams located in the interior highlands of Alaska. Undisturbed streams had low turbidities (< 1 NTU), total residue concentrations averaging 120 mg 1^?1, and undetectable settleable solids. During active mining, turbidity, total residues, and settleable solids levels in a moderately mined stream averaged 170 NTU, 201 mg 1^?1, and < 0.1 ml 1^?1, respectively. In a heavily mined stream, turbidity and total residues were two orders of magnitude higher than in unmined streams and settleable solids nearly always exceeded 0.2 ml 1^?1. Vertical extinction coefficients and turbidity were positively correlated. In undisturbed streams gross primary productivity (g-O₂m^?2d^?1) ranged from 0.20 shortly after spring breakup to a maximum of 1.20 in early fall. Productivity in the moderately mined stream was reduced by 50 percent while photosynthetic efficiency doubled. Primary production was undetectable in a heavily mined stream. Maximum standing crops of periphyton measured as chlorophyll a occurred in fall in an undisturbed stream after 13 weeks of exposure and ranged from 4.5 to 11.8 mg-chl a m^?2. The highest chlorophyll a densities recorded in the moderately mined stream was 3.8 mg m^?2, and no chlorophyl a was detected in the heavily mined stream.     

单锥轻质分散相液-液水力旋流器的内流场预测

本采用内流场模型，计算了轻质分散相液液旋流器内的流线分布与速度分量。结果表明：轻质分散相旋流器内的流线分布状况明显不同于固液旋流器。理论预测的轴向速度分布能够与实测数据很好地吻合；切向流速分布随轴向位置有微量的变化，与径向坐标之间的关系可按半自由涡形式拟合，但拟合出的指数约在0．35～0．39之间．明显低于固液旋流器中相同的指数；径向速度分量明显随轴线位置变化，与径向位置之间成线形关系。径向速度分量与轴向速度和切向速度相比大约小两个数量级。     

Metal Concentrations in Pore Water of the Lusatian Lignite Mining Sediments and Internal Metal Distribution in Juncus bulbosus

The aim of this study was to determine a suite of four metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) in the sediment, porewater and a pioneer plant (Juncus bulbosus) of Lusatian lignite mining lakes in eastern Germany. An attempt was made to understand the factors which affect element concentrations in the above- and below-ground biomass of Juncus bulbosus in an extreme environment. Water samples, sediments, porewater and plant material collected from two different mining lakes dominated by Juncus bulbosus species were analyzed for their elemental content. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector were used to follow the internal metal distribution in the roots of Juncus plant. Results showed that sediment and porewater element concentrations in the lakes decreased in the order Fe > Mn > Zn and Cu. All the four elements were higher in the roots than in above-ground tissues, suggesting that iron plaque induced on roots under anaerobic conditions served as a metal reservoir, but not as an ultimate mechanism to control metal concentrations in the above-ground tissues. SEM and EDX analyses revealed that the rhizodermis, exodermis and endodermis cells regulate the traffic of transition metals and therefore avoid excess levels that are toxic to the plant in acidic mining-impacted lake sediments.     

The importance of chemical buffering for pelagic and benthic colonization in acidic waters

In poorly buffered areas acidification may occur for two reasons: through atmospheric deposition of acidifying substances and – in mining districts – through pyrite weathering. These different sources of acidity lead to distinct clearly geochemistry in lakes and rivers. In general, the geochemistry is the major determinant for the planktonic composition of the acidified water bodies, whereas the nutrient status mainly determines the level of biomass. A number of acidic mining lakes in Eastern Germany have to be neutralized to meet the water quality goals of the European Union Directives and to overcome the ecological degradation. This neutralization process is limnologically a short-term maturation of lakes, which permits biological succession to overcome two different geochemical buffer systems. First, the iron buffer system characterizes an initial state, when colonization starts: there is low organismic diversity and productivity, clear net heterotrophy in most cases. Organic carbon that serves as fuel for the food web derives mainly from allochthonous sources. In the second, less acidic state aluminum is the buffer. This state is found exceptionally among the hard water mining lakes, often as a result of deposition of acidifying substances onto soft water systems. Colonization in aluminum-buffered lakes is more complex and controlled by the sensitivity of the organisms towards both, protons and inorganic reactive aluminum species. In soft-water systems, calcium may act as antidote against acid and aluminum; however, this function is lost in hard water post mining lakes of similar proton concentrations. Nutrient limitations may occur, but these do not usually control qualitative and quantitative plankton composition. In these lakes, total pelagic biomass is controlled by the bioavailability of nutrients, particularly phosphorus.     

Ghana: revival of the mineral sector

After almost two decades of decline, Ghana's mineral sector has rebounded significantly and is currently the main foreign exchange earner. Gold mining is the principal activity within the sector and accounted for 41 percent of total export earnings in 1996. This paper presents an overview of Ghana's mineral industry and covers mineral resources, production and reserves; mining investments; the role of mining in the economy; and the structure of the industry. An overview of the national mineral policy is also presented to depict the current regulatory and fiscal environment in which the industry operates. The spectacular reversal in mineral sector performance can be attributed to the adoption of World Bank recommendations in a new national mineral policy, the 1986 Minerals and Mining Law, aimed at revitalizing the sector.     

综采工作面人──机系统可靠性与作业环境的研究

运用人——机系统可靠性理论,对综采工作面人——机系统进行了分析,认为改善劳动环境能提高人——机系统的可靠性,从而提高综采工作面生产效率和安全性     

构建与设计化学矿业可持续发展决策支持系统

本文讨论了化学矿业可持续发展的内涵和实现可持续发展战略的最佳技术手段之一,即建立化学矿业可持续发展空间决策支持系统的重要性,提出了化学矿业可持续发展决策支持系统的构建理论依据和方法,探讨了化学矿业可持续发展空间决策支持系统总体设计、系统分析的数学模型以及系统的方法库和模型库的设计。     

《煤炭开采工程环境影响评价技术导则》地下水专题工作内容的初步设想

在《煤炭开采工程环境影响评价技术导则》编制的框架下，结合煤炭开采工程的环境影响特点和多年矿井环评的工作经验，提出了在导则中地下水评价专题的编制思路，即以煤炭开采和配套的水源地作为地下水评价内容，以煤系地层上覆含水层及下伏含水层作为评价对象，以地下水水量作为评价等级划分依据及评价重点的初步设想。