A位掺杂LaSrCoO4对CO和C3H8氧化性能研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺溶胶-凝胶法制备了A位掺杂(Cu、Ce)LaSrCoO4复合氧化物催化剂,考察了它们对CO和C3H8的催化氧化活性,并运用XRD,TPR和TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,不同稀土掺杂对LaSrCoO4复合氧化物的CO和C3H8氧化活性的影响不同,Cu掺杂能增加Co3+、化学吸附氧和晶格氧的数量,提高复合氧化物的活性,而Ce则相反。     

塔里木河地区胡杨—柽柳混交林的结构与功能

在调查塔里木河地区不同混交模式林分生产力、生物量及其分配状况、林分土壤养分分配状况、混交距离对胡杨生长的影响与不同林分土壤水源涵养能力的基础上,研究不同混交模式的结构与功能关系.结果表明,胡杨—柽柳块状混交林的生产力、生物量及其分配状况均好于胡杨—柽柳带状混交林与胡杨纯林.胡杨—柽柳块状混交林林下枯落物分解速度较快,积累量明显少于胡杨—柽柳带状混交林与胡杨纯林,说明胡杨—柽柳块状混交林具有较好的改良土壤作用,胡杨—柽柳块状混交林的土壤物理、化学性质及其涵养水源功能好于胡杨—柽柳混交林与胡杨纯林.此外,25 a胡杨—柽柳混交林混交距离应大于900 cm;混交方式采用块状混交能起到较好的效果.     

基于激光雷达分析一次重霾过程混合层高度

为深化对冬季重霾天气大气混合层高度的认识,利用Mie散射激光雷达观测了成都市2014年1月23日至2月4日一次典型重霾天气过程。基于Mie散射激光雷达探测获取的后向散射系数,使用SBH99算法计算了该过程的混合层高度,并系统分析其演变特征及其与气象因子的关系,研究结果表明:将激光雷达探测的混合层高度与探空曲线表征出的混合层高度进行对比分析,结果显示两者具有较好的一致性,相关系数为0.893 4;此次重霾过程中,混合层高度平均值较低,约378 m;霾天气发生后,混合层高度显著下降,并且混合层高度的最大值与最小值之间差距缩小,日变化波动不明显;混合层高度的发展与空气温度的变化趋势呈正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系。     

混合液回流比对MSBR工艺强化生物脱氮的影响

针对二级城镇污水处理厂提标改造时出水氮、磷指标很难同时达到一级A标准（GB18918-2002）的情况,提出了改良式序批式反应器（MSBR）的强化生物脱氮运行模式,并通过生产性实验研究了MSBR工艺混合液回流比（6单元回流至5单元）对出水COD、TP、NH4＋-N及TN的影响。实验结果表明,MSBR工艺混合液回流比对COD、NH4＋-N去除基本上没有影响,但对TN和TP去除有影响。当回流比从0提高1和1．5时,TP去除效率分别降低了5．85％和4．06％;而TN去除效率分别提高了10．46％和7．87％,同时出水TN可稳定达到一级A标的要求。从控制运行能耗和脱氮效果的角度综合考虑,该污水厂强化生物脱氮的混合液回流比控制在1是比较合适的。     

发动机黏接界面损伤破坏过程细观数值仿真

目的 揭示拉伸加载下发动机黏接界面的损伤破坏规律,以及典型参数对该损伤破坏过程的影响规律。方法 以建立的含预制宏观裂纹的硝酸酯增塑聚醚（NEPE）推进剂装药的黏接界面结构的细观有限元模型为基础,开展发生推进剂内聚损伤破坏、推进剂/衬层黏接界面损伤破坏和混合型损伤破坏的数值仿真计算,讨论不同损伤破坏形式下的裂纹扩展规律,以及推进剂基体强度、颗粒/基体黏接界面模量和强度、推进剂/衬层黏接界面模量和强度对损伤位置和损伤程度等的影响规律。结果 颗粒/基体黏接界面的“脱湿”是发生推进剂内聚损伤破坏时的主要损伤形式,损伤临界应变阈值约为30%。推进剂/衬层黏接界面损伤破坏时,裂纹扩展路径与预制裂纹方向一致。混合型损伤破坏包括颗粒/基体黏接界面“脱湿”、推进剂/衬层黏接界面脱黏和推进剂基体撕裂,裂纹在推进剂/衬层黏接界面发生扩展的临界应变阈值约为20%,颗粒/基体黏接界面发生“脱湿”损伤及裂纹扩展的临界应变阈值约为60%。推进剂基体强度、颗粒/基体黏接界面强度和推进剂/衬层黏接界面强度对装药黏接界面结构损伤破坏的影响更为显著,前2个参数的增大均能导致发生“脱湿”损伤的位置向推进剂/衬层黏接界面移动,...     

短期氮磷添加对祁连山亚高山草地土壤呼吸组分的影响

为探究短期氮磷添加对祁连山亚高山草地土壤呼吸及其组分的影响,于2019年6~8月采用随机区组设计,设置氮添加［10 g ·（m² ·a）^-1,N］、磷添加［5 g ·（m² ·a）^-1,P］、氮磷混施［10 g ·（m² ·a）^-1N、5 g ·（m² ·a）^-1P,NP］、对照（CK）和完全对照（CK''）这5个处理,测定了土壤总呼吸速率及其组分.结果表明,氮添加对土壤总呼吸和异养呼吸的降低速率均低于磷添加［-16.71% vs.（相对照,下同）-19.20%;-4.41% vs.-13.05%］,但对自养呼吸的降低速率高于磷添加（-25.03% vs.-23.36%）,而氮磷混施则对土壤总呼吸速率无显著影响.土壤总呼吸速率及其组分与土壤温度均呈显著的指数相关,其中氮添加降低了呼吸速率的温度敏感性（Q₁₀：-5.64%~0.00%）,而磷添加增加了Q₁₀（3.38%~6.98%）,氮磷混施降低了自养呼吸速率但增加了异养呼吸速率的Q₁₀（16.86%）,从而降低了土壤总呼吸速率的Q₁₀（-2.63%~-2.02%）.土壤pH、土壤全氮和根系磷含量与自养呼吸速率均具有显著相关性（P<0.05）,而与异养呼吸速率无显著相关,且根系氮含量只与异养呼吸速率呈显著负相关（P<0.05）.总体上,自养呼吸速率对氮添加更加敏感,而异养呼吸速率对磷添加更加敏感,氮或磷添加均显著降低了土壤总呼吸速率,而氮磷混施并未显著影响土壤总呼吸速率,此结果可为准确评估亚高山草地土壤碳排放提供科学依据.     

Bulking sludge for PHA production:Energy saving and comparative storage capacity with well-settled sludge

Two acetate-fed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were operated under an aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) model (SBR #2) and with anaerobic phase before aerobic phase (SBR #1) to select mixed cultures with a high polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) storage response. Although kinetic selection based on storage response should bring about a predominance of floc-formers, a bulking sludge with storage response comparable to well-settled sludge was steadily established. An anaerobic phase was introduced before the aerobic phase in the ADF model to improve the sludge settleability (SBR #1), however, due to the consequent increased feast/famine ratio, the performance of SBR #1, in terms of both the maximum PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) cell content and ΔPHB, was lower than that of SBR #2. SBR #2 gradually reached a steady state while SBR #1 failed suddenly after 50 days of operation. The maximum specific substrate uptake rate and storage rate for the selected bulking sludge were 0.4 Cmol Ac/(Cmol X.hr) and 0.18 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr), respectively, resulting a yield of 0.45 Cmol PHB/(Cmol Ac) in SBR #2 in the culture enrichment phase. A maximum PHB content of 53% of total suspended solids and PHB storage rate of 1.36 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr) was achieved at 10.2 hr in batch accumulation tests under nitrogen starvation. The results indicated that it was feasible to utilize filamentous bacteria to accumulate PHA with a rate comparable to well-settled sludge. Furthermore, the lower dissolved oxygen demand of filamentous bacteria would save energy required for aeration in the culture enrichment stage.     

不同采样膜对大气颗粒物酸性测定影响的研究

颗粒物特别是酸性细粒子对人体呼吸系统具有毒性效应,且颗粒物呈酸性还会加速许多气溶胶二次组分的形成,从而影响环境和气候.因此,本文在美国环保署(EPA)制定的颗粒物酸性标准测定方法的基础上,分别采用玻璃膜、石英膜、Teflon膜和复合纤维素酯滤膜(MCE膜)在实验室中进行平行提取测定,探讨各种膜对颗粒物酸性测定的影响,确定不同条件下加入H+量与提取H+量之间的标准曲线,评价不同采样膜对颗粒物酸性测定的准确性与精密度.结果显示,Teflon膜、MCE膜、石英膜、玻璃膜用于颗粒物酸性测定,其测定的精密度和准确性分别为9.4%和7.8%、9.9%和13.0%、15.6%和18.1%、17.8%和16.1%.玻璃膜用于H+的数据测定时,由于其标准曲线的斜率变化范围大(0.745～1.048),基质碱性物质背景值高,导致测定的潜在误差最大.     

Effects of UV-B radiation on the growth interaction of Ulva pertusa and Alexandrium tamarense

Enhanced UV-B(280-320nm) radiation resulting from ozone depletion is one of global environmental problems. Not only marine organisms but also marine ecosystems can be affected by enhanced UV-B radiation. The effects of UV-B radiation on interaction of macro-algae and micro-algae were investigated using Ulva pertusa Kjellman and Alexandrium tamarense as the materials in this study. The results demonstrated that UV-B radiation could inhibit the growth of Ulva pertusa and Alexandrium tamarense when they were both mono-cultured, and the growth inhibition of algae was more significant with increasing doses of UV-B radiation. Alexandrium tamarense could inhibit the growth of Ulva pertusa in mixed culture, and the growth inhibition was more significant when increasing the initial cell density. However, Ulva pertusa could inhibit the growth of Alexandrium tamarense in early phase and stimulate the growth in latter phase when they were grown in mixed culture. Lower initial cell density(10^2 cell/ml) of Alexandrium tamarense could inhibit the growth of Ulva pertusa under UV-B radiation treatment,however, with the initial cell density increasing( 10^3 and 10^4 cell/ml), the growth of Ulva pertusa was stimulated under lower dose of UV-B radiation and inhibited under higher dose of UV-B radiation by Alexandrium tamarense. Compared with that in mixed culture, Ulva pertusa showed more positive inhibition to the growth of Alexandrium tamarense under UV-B radiation treatment.     

鹤山针阔叶混交林的种群竞争初步研究

通过对鹤山针阔叶混交林种群竞争的研究发现,10年生同龄大叶相思—马尾松群落中,大叶相思生长良好,马尾松种群生长不良和死亡率高达72％;异龄大叶相思—湿地松群落内两种群均生长良好;马尾松、湿地松和大叶相思等纯 林内个体高度和胸径的分化差异小,而混交林内各种群个体高度和胸径分化差异大,尤其是大叶相思比针叶树种更明显;在考虑种群竞争指标时,个体枝叶的生物量或单位面积的生物量比植株数和构件更好;大叶相思—湿地松混交林总的生物量为69.091/hm~2,大叶相思—马尾松混交林为55.282/hm~2,这两个群落的生物量均低于7年生大叶相思纯林;营造针阔叶混交林时应以异龄块状混交方式为主。