混合填料生物接触氧化法处理生活污水的研究

采用混合型(火山岩和陶瓷环)填料生物接触氧化工艺处理实际生活污水,研究了混合型填料挂膜情况,不同HRT、DO和进水COD浓度对水质净化效果的影响。实验结果表明:混合型填料挂膜效果好,15 d后反应器达到稳定状态,对COD的去除率达到75%以上;在水温为20~32℃,HRT为12 h,DO为5~6 mg/L的条件下,对COD、氨氮、TN和TP的平均去除率分别达到了75.8%、71.8%、45.9%和35.7%;当进水COD浓度为100~400 mg/L时,各个指标的去除率随着COD浓度的升高而升高,可见进水COD浓度会对污水净化效果产生影响。     

煅烧阴离子粘土(LDO)对低浓度活性艳橙X-GN的吸附研究

以不同Mg/Al比(物质的量比)的合成阴离子粘土为原料,在500℃条件下煅烧制备了煅烧阴离子粘土(LDO),研究其对低浓度活性艳橙X-GN的吸附行为,并用XRD、FTIR、XRF、BET等对LDO进行表征,通过研究解吸行为验证其吸附机理.实验表明,Mg/Al比为4∶1的LDO的吸附效果比2∶1的LDO好,Mg/Al比为...     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌协同竞争对脱氮特性的影响

为了探讨在脱氮过程中异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌类之间的协同和竞争作用,以A2/O工艺好氧污泥中筛出的三株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌——XH02、XH03和FX03为研究对象,经16S rDNA基因序列系统发育分析,鉴定XH02为人苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum sp.),XH03和FX03为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.).在此基础上,分别考察了单菌株和复合菌株(XH02+XH03、XH02+FX03、XH03+FX03和XH02+XH03+FX03) 在异养硝化和好氧反硝化条件下的脱氮特性.结果表明:菌株XH02和XH03具有高效脱氮特性,在异养硝化过程中,第24小时对NH₄+-N的去除率分别为90.2%和89.5%;在好氧反硝化过程中,二者在第24小时对NO₃--N的去除率分别为91.8%和94.0%.复合菌株XH02+XH03无论在异养硝化还是好氧反硝化过程中,均能相互协同,促进生长,进一步提高了脱氮效率,在第24小时对NH₄+-N和NO₃--N的去除率分别达到97.1%和96.7%.在硝化和反硝化过程中,菌株FX03对XH02、XH03均存在着竞争关系,FX03的存在会抑制菌株XH02和XH03的生长,显著降低脱氮效率.研究显示,异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌XH02和XH03之间的协同作用可以强化废水生物处理,提高脱氮效率.      

基于PM2.5站点监测数据的京津冀AOD补值研究

以京津冀2020年318个地面监测站点的PM_2.5数据为估算因子,构建了时空线性混合效应模型(STLME)和时空嵌套线性混合效应模型(STNLME),为AOD数据的补值研究提供了一种新方法.结果表明:在有AOD-PM_2.5匹配数据的日期,上述两个模型估算精度相近,交叉验证后决定系数R²分别为0.868和0.874,均方根误差RMSE分别为0.112和0.109;在无AOD-PM_2.5匹配数据的日期,嵌套模型估算精度明显高于非嵌套模型,交叉验证后决定系数R²分别为0.63和0.26.经过模型补值后,研究区监测站点所在网格AOD数据空间维有效比率从原始数据的44.35%提高到99.35%,时间维有效比率从87.94%提高到100%;同时,每个站点的年均AOD值都有明显提高,弥补了高PM_2.5浓度条件下缺失的AOD数据,可以减少空气污染和健康研究中暴露评估的偏差.     

Social and Ecological Change over a Decade in a Village Hunting System,Central Gabon

Despite widespread recognition of the major threat to tropical forest biological diversity and local food security posed by unsustainable bushmeat hunting, virtually no long‐term studies tracking the socioecological dynamics of hunting systems have been conducted. We interviewed local hunters and collected detailed hunting data to investigate changes in offtake and hunter characteristics over 10 years (2001–2010) in Dibouka and Kouagna villages, central Gabon, in the context of hunter recollections of longer term trends since the 1950s. To control for changes in hunter behavior, such as trap location and characteristics, we report hunting offtake data per trap. Our results suggest the hunting area was already highly depleted by 2001; local hunters reported that 16 large‐bodied prey species had become rare or locally extirpated over the last 60 years. Overall, we observed no significant declines in hunting offtake or changes in species composition from 2001 to 2010, and offtakes per trap increased slightly between 2004 and 2010. However, trapping distance from the villages increased, and there was a switch in hunting techniques; a larger proportion of the catch was hunted with guns in 2010. The number of hunters declined by 20% from 2004 to 2010, and male livelihood activities shifted away from hunting. Hunters with the lowest hunting incomes in 2004 were more likely than successful hunters to have moved away from the village by 2010 (often in response to alternative employment opportunities). Therefore, changes in trap success (potentially related to biological factors) were interacting with system‐level changes in hunter number and composition (related to external socioeconomic factors) to produce a relatively static overall offtake. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the small‐scale context of hunting to correctly interpret changes or apparent stasis in hunting effort and offtake over time. Cambio Social y Ecológico a lo Largo de Una Década en un Sistema de Cacería Aldeana, Gabón Central     

马尾松不同林型对土壤理化性质的影响

以安徽省枞阳县大山村3种马尾松不同林型（马尾松纯林、马尾松-麻栎混交林、马尾松-枫香混交林）0~60 cm土层为研究对象,探讨3种马尾松林型的土壤理化性质变化规律,旨在为该区马尾松人工林的可持续发展和生产提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）0~60 cm土层,3种马尾松林型土壤容重随深度的增加而逐渐增加,混交林土壤容重显著低于纯林;土壤含水量随土层的加深而逐渐减小,其大小为：马尾松-枫香混交林>马尾松-麻栎混交林>马尾松纯林,马尾松-枫香混交林在土壤容重降低,土壤孔隙度增加及土壤含水量方面优于马尾松-麻栎混交林;（2）土壤pH值介于4.5~5.0之间,3种林型pH值随土层深度的增加而增大,但差异均不显著,其中马尾松-枫香混交林土壤pH值较高;（3）3种林型土壤有机质、全N、有效P和速效K均随土层深度的增加而减少,呈现明显的“表聚”现象,其质量分数表现为：马尾松-枫香混交林>马尾松-麻栎混交林>马尾松纯林;（4）土壤容重与土壤水分质量分数、有机质、全N、有效P和速效K等养分质量分数均呈负相关,土壤有机质与全N、有效P和速效K呈极显著的正相关,这说明土壤有机质在改善土壤理化性质和促进养分循环方面起着非常重要的作用。     

Driver injury severity related to inclement weather at highway–rail grade crossings in the United States

Objective: Previous studies on crash modeling at highway–rail grade crossings were aimed at exploring the factors that are likely to increase the crash frequencies at highway–rail grade crossings. In recent years, modeling driver's injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings has received interest. Because there were substantial differences among different weather conditions for driver's injury severity, this study attempts to explore the impact of weather influence on driver injury at highway–rail grade crossing.

Method: Utilizing the most recent 10 years (2002–2011) of highway–rail grade crossing accident data, this study applied a mixed logit model to explore the determinants of driver injury severity under different weather conditions at highway–rail grade crossing.

Results: Analysis results indicate that drivers' injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings is strongly different for different weather conditions. It was found that the factors significantly impacting driver injury severity at highway–rail grade crossings include motor vehicle speed, train speed, driver's age, gender, area type, lighting condition, highway pavement, traffic volume, and time of day.

Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that crashes are more prevalent if vehicle drivers are driving at high speed or the oncoming trains are high speed. Hence, a reduction in speed limit during inclement weather conditions could be particularly effective in moderating injury severity, allowing more reaction time for last-minute maneuvering and braking in moments before impacts. In addition, inclement weather-related crashes were more likely to occur in open areas and highway–rail grade crossings without pavement and lighting. Paved highway–rail grade crossings with installation of lights could be particularly effective in moderating injury severity.     

基于MGWR的土壤pH值空间建模及其影响因素分析

以安徽、河南、江苏和山东省为研究区,利用599个土壤样点数据,从地形、气候和生物等方面选取与土壤pH相关的9个环境因子,采用多尺度地理加权回归（MGWR）、混合地理加权回归（Mixed GWR）、地理加权回归（GWR）和多元线性回归（MLR）这4种模型对研究区土壤pH空间分布进行建模,并结合MGWR与分位数回归揭示环境因子对土壤pH作用的空间差异性.结果表明：①研究区土壤pH在不同空间距离上呈不同程度的显著全局和局部空间自相关性,聚集特征明显.② 4种模型中MGWR模型最优,MGWR、Mixed GWR、GWR和MLR的建模集R_adj²为0.64、0.62、0.59和0.48.MGWR的残差独立分布性最强,其空间自相关性最弱,全局Moran''s I仅为0.07.③ 3种GWR预测结果显示,研究区土壤pH值空间分布总体由北至南逐渐降低,河南北部最高,安徽南部最低.④ MGWR回归结果表明年均降雨量（MAP）、多尺度谷底平坦度（MRVBF）和海拔对土壤pH的影响较强,且存在较强的空间异质性.在江苏北部和山东大部分地区,MAP对土壤pH的影响较强;在江苏北部和山东西部,MRVBF对土壤pH的正向作用较强;在江苏北部和中部,海拔对土壤pH的负向作用最强.⑤ MAP对不同分位数水平上的土壤pH均呈显著负作用,作用强度随分位数水平增加呈减弱趋势;MRVBF对低分位数水平（θ为0.1~0.4）上的土壤pH呈显著负作用,对高分位数水平（θ为0.5~0.9）的土壤pH作用不显著.研究结果可为利用MGWR开展大区域土壤属性影响因素分析及预测制图提供参考.     

混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响

以乙酸钠和丙酸钠1:2混合作为碳源,进水COD浓度分别为200,400,600,800mg/L,研究混合碳源浓度对单级好氧生物脱氮除磷的影响,并通过比较微生物体内储能物质的变化,探讨混合碳源浓度对生物脱氮除磷性能影响的机理.结果表明,当进水磷和氨氮浓度分别为12,30mg/L时,随着进水COD由200增加至800mg/L,磷去除率由39.9%提升至86.4%(氮去除率从13.5%提升至96.4%).进水COD为400mg/L时单位挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)的磷和氮去除量达到最高[分别为(4.31±0.08)和(6.15±0.22)mg/g].当进水COD由200增加至400mg/L时生物除磷活性增强,而COD继续增加会使污泥沉降性能变差,脱氮除磷生物活性降低.好氧吸磷和同步硝化反硝化主要由微生物体内储能物质多β羟基烷酸盐(PHA)驱动,当进水COD为400mg/L时单位VSS消耗的PHA最多.混合碳源浓度通过影响碳源的好氧代谢,使微生物体内储能物质的积累/转化量不同,进而影响系统的脱氮除磷性能.     

Bulking sludge for PHA production:Energy saving and comparative storage capacity with well-settled sludge

Two acetate-fed sequencing batch reactors (SBR) were operated under an aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) model (SBR #2) and with anaerobic phase before aerobic phase (SBR #1) to select mixed cultures with a high polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) storage response. Although kinetic selection based on storage response should bring about a predominance of floc-formers, a bulking sludge with storage response comparable to well-settled sludge was steadily established. An anaerobic phase was introduced before the aerobic phase in the ADF model to improve the sludge settleability (SBR #1), however, due to the consequent increased feast/famine ratio, the performance of SBR #1, in terms of both the maximum PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) cell content and ΔPHB, was lower than that of SBR #2. SBR #2 gradually reached a steady state while SBR #1 failed suddenly after 50 days of operation. The maximum specific substrate uptake rate and storage rate for the selected bulking sludge were 0.4 Cmol Ac/(Cmol X.hr) and 0.18 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr), respectively, resulting a yield of 0.45 Cmol PHB/(Cmol Ac) in SBR #2 in the culture enrichment phase. A maximum PHB content of 53% of total suspended solids and PHB storage rate of 1.36 Cmol Ac/(Cmol PHB.hr) was achieved at 10.2 hr in batch accumulation tests under nitrogen starvation. The results indicated that it was feasible to utilize filamentous bacteria to accumulate PHA with a rate comparable to well-settled sludge. Furthermore, the lower dissolved oxygen demand of filamentous bacteria would save energy required for aeration in the culture enrichment stage.