THE EFFECTS OF DIURNAL MIXING ON THERMAL STRATIFICATION OF STATIC IMPOUNDMENTS1

ABSTRACT: The time variation in the temperature distribution of a static water impoundment is predicted. The body of water is modeled as a discrete number of horizontally isothermal layers and the energy equation is solved using an implicit numerical scheme. Vertical energy transport mechanisms included are solar absorption, molecular diffusion, and convective mixing due to nocturnal turnover. The latter mechanism, called diurnal mixing, is found to have a profound effect on the stratification, particularly in the eplimnion patterns for a typical deep static impoundment.     

好氧堆肥反应器设计及实验研究

设计了具有气液固三相收集功能的强制通风自动搅拌好氧堆肥反应器,并对其进行了好氧堆肥性能试验,通过监测温度、p H、含水率、COD、BOD_5、重金属(Cu)、种子发芽率、热值等指标来判定堆肥效果。实验结果表明,反应器使堆肥周期大大缩短,COD、BOD_5及生物毒性降低明显,45 d后堆体基本腐熟且稳定,堆体减量30%,堆肥效果良好。独有的"耙形"搅拌有利于减少物料温度、湿度和氧气浓度的差异,加快了反应进程。底部二级过滤系统有利于改善渗滤液质量,方便渗滤液的收集及回灌。该反应器可为小型禽畜粪便堆肥反应器的研发和推广提供参考。     

潮汐河口环流、湍流、混合与层化的物理学

简要回顾了潮汐河口环流、湍流、混合与层化的基本物理概念、内涵、研究方法、研究成果,指出了主要的研究进展,最后,展望了今后的研究方向。本文不考虑悬沙和风浪的影响。经典的河口环流也因潮汐应变的出现而受到挑战,河口环流由重力环流和潮汐应变环流构成。“涡黏度-剪切协方差(ESCO)”概念的提出,又区分出重力ESCO环流与潮汐ESCO环流。横向环流,尤其具有曲率的弯道中的横向环流,也得到进一步的理解。涡度方法的应用,揭示横向环流不仅由各种不同物理机制造成,而且对纵向河口重力环流有重要的影响。分层流中剪切湍流的理论加深了人们对潮汐河口湍流、混合的物理学的认识,势能差异方程更是使得定量理解潮汐河口混合与层化的三维时间、空间变化成为可能。     

多极涡流管式混合器的设计与混合效能

本文主要论述了依据絮凝动力学中涡旋理论设计的多极涡流管式混合器及其絮凝试验的研究结果，同时讨论了影响多极涡流管式混合器混合效能的管径及流量等因素，结果证实，该混合器适合于无机高分子絮凝剂的絮凝动力学反应特点，具有较高的工程推广和应用价值。     

Similarity theory and parameterization of mixing in the upper ocean

Boundary layers with small thermal and mechanical inertia are close to steady-state conditions. This underlies the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and explains why the surface values of the fluxes can be chosen as external parameters. For fluids with large thermal inertia, such as the ocean, the thermal time scale is relatively large, and the density flux is a complex function of depth; thus, the external thermal forcing is no longer a governing parameter. However, the mechanical inertia of the upper ocean is about three orders of magnitude smaller than the thermal inertia. Consequently, the upper ocean can be considered as steady-state in the dynamic sense, to any dynamic property depends primarily on the depth, the surface momentum flux, and the vertical density structure. This property allows us to suggest an alternative formulation of the similarity theory for the stratified boundary layers through specification of a new stratification parameter which characterizes the internal density structure instead of the external density flux. The turbulent mixing coefficient is derived as dependent on the stratification parameter. The latter includes the surface stress and the integral density deficit for the entire layer above. The general form and the asymptotic behavior of the nondimensional turbulent mixing coefficient as a function of the stratification parameter are obtained using dimensional considerations. Determination of numerical parameters is based on 8 years of temperature profiles acquired at the Ocean Weather Ship (OWS) PAPA. Finally, a method for calculating the profile of the turbulent mixing coefficient is obtained. This approach reproduces the 8-year evolution of the upper ocean with the maximum rms difference of approximately 1C and the bias of 1C over the depth range 0–150 m. Additional 1-year simulation of the upper ocean at OWS CHARLEY and 9-year simulation at OWS NOVEMBER confirms reasonable applicability of this approach. The proposed simple turbulent mixing scheme reproduces the evolution of the upper ocean with accuracies similar to those obtained using much more complicated models.     

Boundary Layer Evolution and its Influence on Ground-Level Ozone Concentrations

Accurate determination of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height (i.e., mixing height (MH)) is critical to properly simulating pollutant levels with the grid-based photochemical models. In this study, the daytime mixing heights based on the parcel and bulk Richardson number methods are compared with those obtained directly from a numerical mesoscale meteorological model in an effort to evaluate the uncertainties in the estimation of the PBL evolution. Mixing heights are estimated from hourly outputs of meteorological variables of the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 3.3 (MM5V3) with two PBL schemes (Blackadar and Gayno-Seaman) during July 1999 over Philadelphia, PA. An analysis of the diurnal variation in the urban PBL and its influence on ground-level ozone (O₃) levels is presented in this paper. The results indicate that on average, the MHs determined from the bulk Richardson number were larger than those estimated from the parcel method. The MHs from the MM5V3 output were much smaller than those derived from the parcel and bulk Richardson number methods, especially for the Gayno-Seaman scheme that is based on turbulent kinetic energy. The MH and ground-level O₃ concentration have been found to be twice as much on episode days than on non-episode days. The average hourly MH growth rate and O₃ tendency (i.e. rate of change in O₃) were largest during the morning hours (0700 to 1000 eastern standard time (EST)), suggesting that vertical mixing contributes significantly to the accumulation of ground-level O₃ in urban areas in the morning hours.     

桂花次生林群落主要树种种间关联及其对混交度的响应

根据2×2联列表,运用方差分析、χ2统计量度量、Ochiai指数系列技术,测定福建省长汀县桂花次生林群落14个主要树种间的总体联结关系、种对间联结显著性和关联系数,并首次引入混交度,阐述种间关联性与种间空间隔离程度之间的关系.结果表明,桂花次生林群落14个主要树种的总体种间关联性呈无关联,反映该群落处于演替的初期阶段;14个主要树种的种间联结关系中,7对具显著正关联性,2对具极显著正关联性,4对具显著负关联性,2对具极显著负关联性.91个种对中,有76个种对未达到显著水平,种对间的相互独立性较强.根据群落特征,以混交度贡献率为辅助指标,探讨呈显著关系的种对与混交度贡献率的关系,得出具生态位重迭性且呈显著正关联的种对表现出高混交度贡献率,具生态相似性且呈显著正关联的种对为避免竞争表现出较低混交度贡献率,呈显著负关联的种对表现出低混交度贡献率,混交度贡献率可为判别种间关联性提供一定的参考作用.表2参17     

扬子地块南缘锑矿床中矿石铅的组成及其地质意义

锑是我国的特色矿产 ,扬子地块南缘锑矿带是世界上最大的锑成矿带。铅同位素研究表明 ,该带锑矿床中矿石铅的组成变化较大 ;在铅同位素组成图解中 ,线性分布明显 ,但它不具有等时线意义 ,而是由低放射性成因铅和高放射性成因铅两个端元混合所致。矿石铅属壳、幔混合铅。成矿作用应发生于开放体系之中 ,深部幔源物质可能参与了锑的成矿作用。     

韧性剪切作用与深源流体演化和金矿化的耦合关系

流体形成演化是当前地球科学的前沿领域，但构造-流体-成矿作用的研究仍很薄弱。文章通过对流体性质的分析，探讨了地质作用过程中流体演化、韧性剪切带中流体演化与矿化的关系。提出当韧性剪切转为脆性剪切时产生的扩容，导致深源流体发生骤然减压冷却，并与地壳浅部流体混合，发生与围岩的交代反应而形成热液蚀变。成矿作用发生于深源流体与上地壳流体的“混合”阶段及流体与围岩交代反应阶段。     

河流连续点源的垂向混合规律研究及其应用

研究了连续点源污染物在近区的垂向扩散规律。通过理论推导，得出垂向均匀混合距离和部分混合水深的函数关系式，用实际资料验证取得较好结果。该将成果用于改进传统的全场水深平均的二维计算模型，解决了传统模型计算点源污染带时，近区浓度场计算值偏小的缺点。用改进模型来计算浓度场不仅节约了计算时间，而且大大地提高了近区浓度的真实性。