搅拌条件对强化混凝去除给水微细颗粒的影响研究

对珠江水系原水进行了强化混凝处理实验,利用颗粒计数器测定混凝前后水中1～40μm微细颗粒的数目与分布,研究了搅拌条件对微细颗粒的去除影响。     

Vertical distribution of hydrocarbons in the low troposphere below and above the mixing height: tethered balloon measurements in Milan, Italy

A novel approach for measuring vertical profiles of HCs and particle number concentrations was described and applied in the low troposphere over Milan (Italy) during typical spring and summer days. Particle profiles yielded nearly homogeneous concentrations below the mixing height, with level-to-ground concentration ratios of 92-97%, while HCs showed a more pronounced decrease (74-95%). Vertical mixing and photochemical loss of HCs were demonstrated to cause these gradients. Much lower concentrations were observed for the profiles above the mixing height, where the HC mixtures showed also a different composition, which was partially explained by the horizontal advection of air with HC sources different to those prevailing at the site. The application of pseudo-first order kinetics for reactions between HCs and the hydroxyl radical allowed for the estimation of the vertical mixing time scale in the order of 100 ± 20 min.     

鄱阳湖水体垂向分层状况调查研究

湖泊水体混合或分层对环境和生态具有显著指示意义,能够提高对未来湖泊水环境状况的评价与管理。针对洪泛鄱阳湖水位季节性变化显著等特点,基于剖面温度和稳定氢氧同位素的调查分析来探明多因素影响下鄱阳湖水体垂向分层或混合状况。结果发现:鄱阳湖枯水期和洪水期水体垂向温差大多处于0~1.0℃,大部分水域温差小于0.5℃,但偶见洪水期部分水域会达到1.5℃的较大温差。总体表明,在季节变化尺度上,鄱阳湖具有较为稳定的等温层,没有明显温度分层特征。同位素分析结果得出,枯水期和洪水期的氢氧稳定同位素值在深度剖面上呈均一分布,表明鄱阳湖水体混合状况较好或完全混合。虽然湖区气象条件和水文条件均是影响鄱阳湖水体分层或混合的重要因素,但鄱阳湖入流和出流等水文条件是影响鄱阳湖水体垂向混合的主要因素。鄱阳湖水体混合同时对湖泊水环境因子的垂向分布特征可能产生重要的影响或控制作用。首次基于大量野外监测有针对性地开展鄱阳湖水体分层研究,结果有助于对湖泊水流结构的深入认识,可为湖区水体污染物的输移模拟与作用机制阐释等方面提供科学参考。     

常用杀菌剂对啶虫脒中华蜜蜂毒性潜在增效作用研究

啶虫脒对蜜蜂急性毒性较低,且允许在作物花期施用,而杀菌剂也是蜜源植物花期常用药剂。本文采用点滴法和摄入法测定了10种常用杀菌剂对啶虫脒中华蜜蜂毒性的潜在增效作用。结果表明,点滴田间实际暴露剂量的杀菌剂使啶虫脒对中华蜜蜂的毒性不同程度的增加。点滴杀菌剂和啶虫脒24 h、48 h后,咪鲜胺、丙环唑、腈菌唑、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、己唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯、三唑酮、氟硅唑使啶虫脒毒性分别增加14.02、10.74、8.50、7.92、4.77、4.28、4.19、4.07、2.74、2.67倍和8.01、10.14、4.80、7.09、2.66、2.56、3.62、2.69、2.24、1.49倍。摄入田间实际暴露剂量的杀菌剂和啶虫脒混剂24 h、48 h后,啶虫脒对中华蜜蜂的毒性增加。其中,丙环唑、氟硅唑、苯醚甲环唑、嘧菌酯、咪鲜胺使啶虫脒的毒性分别增加3.62、2.46、2.10、1.98、1.56倍和2.07、2.81、2.20、2.58、2.23倍。因此蜜源植物花期应避免丙环唑、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、腈菌唑与啶虫脒先后喷施或混合喷施,慎用己唑醇等其他6种杀菌剂,以防啶虫脒残留导致中华蜜蜂采集蜂中毒。     

撞击流技术在环保领域的应用研究进展

撞击流作为一种过程强化技术,其优势在于能够显著强化相间传递和微观混合,可应用于环保工艺、设备中,以达到提高污染物去除效率的目的。本文在简述撞击流基本原理和特性的基础上,详细阐述了国内外撞击流技术在细颗粒物(PM2.5)脱除、烟气脱硫脱硝、废水处理、废气吸收等方面的应用现状,分析了该技术的应用效果和优势,同时介绍了一种可用于废水处理的新型双组分层式撞击流反应器。最后指出,深入探究撞击流复杂体系的机理以及耦合其他新型技术是未来研究的主要方向。     

Chemical transport models

Background, aim, and scope  Improving the parameterization of processes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and surface layer, in air quality and chemical transport models. To do so, an asymmetrical, convective, non-local scheme, with varying upward mixing rates is combined with the non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion (COM). For designing it, a function depending on the dimensionless height to the power four in the ABL is suggested, which is empirically derived. Also, we suggested a new method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for dry deposition over a vegetated surface. Materials and methods  The upward mixing rate forming the surface layer is parameterized using the sensible heat flux and the friction and convective velocities. Upward mixing rates varying with height are scaled with an amount of turbulent kinetic energy in layer, while the downward mixing rates are derived from mass conservation. The vertical eddy diffusivity is parameterized using the mean turbulent velocity scale that is obtained by the vertical integration within the ABL. In-canopy resistance is calculated by integration of inverse turbulent transfer coefficient inside the canopy from the effective ground roughness length to the canopy source height and, further, from its the canopy height. Results  This combination of schemes provides a less rapid mass transport out of surface layer into other layers, during convective and non-convective periods, than other local and non-local schemes parameterizing mixing processes in the ABL. The suggested method for calculating the in-canopy resistance for calculating the dry deposition over a vegetated surface differs remarkably from the commonly used one, particularly over forest vegetation. Discussion  In this paper, we studied the performance of a non-local, turbulent, kinetic energy scheme for vertical diffusion combined with a non-local, convective mixing scheme with varying upward mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer (COM) and its impact on the concentration of pollutants calculated with chemical and air-quality models. In addition, this scheme was also compared with a commonly used, local, eddy-diffusivity scheme. Simulated concentrations of NO₂ by the COM scheme and new parameterization of the in-canopy resistance are closer to the observations when compared to those obtained from using the local eddy-diffusivity scheme. Conclusions  Concentrations calculated with the COM scheme and new parameterization of in-canopy resistance, are in general higher and closer to the observations than those obtained by the local, eddy-diffusivity scheme (on the order of 15–22%). Recommendations and perspectives  To examine the performance of the scheme, simulated and measured concentrations of a pollutant (NO₂) were compared for the years 1999 and 2002. The comparison was made for the entire domain used in simulations performed by the chemical European Monitoring and Evaluation Program Unified model (version UNI-ACID, rv2.0) where schemes were incorporated.     

南半球海洋大气气溶胶单颗粒的理化特性分析

运用透射电子显微镜-X射线能谱技术分析了中国第29次南极科考期间采集的大气气溶胶单颗粒样品,获得颗粒物的形貌特征、混合状态、成分组成及数量分布等信息.结果表明,航渡区域海洋上空的颗粒物主要表现为4类:海盐颗粒、矿物颗粒、富硫颗粒和含碳颗粒,其中海盐颗粒占主导,本研究将海盐颗粒又分为新鲜、部分老化及完全老化的海盐颗粒.部分和完全老化的海盐颗粒占海盐颗粒总数的86%,且部分老化的海盐颗粒表面及完全老化的海盐颗粒以长条状Na2SO4成分为主.同时,发现两处采样点(印度洋中东部和南极内陆)的样品中富硫颗粒较多,根据后向气团轨迹判断这些富硫颗粒主要来源于海洋地区,推测是由海洋表面浮游生物释放的二甲基硫(dimethyl sulfide,DMS)经过大气氧化形成.本研究表明,南半球海洋大气中海盐颗粒老化是由海洋表面释放的DMS控制,这不同于北半球海洋大气中人为源影响的海盐颗粒老化现象.     

升流式厌氧污泥层反应器水力混合特性研究

对升流式氧污泥层反应器在常温下处理生活污水启动，培养颗粒污泥及运行的水力混合问题进行了系统研究，试验结果表明，当ＨＲＴ在４．２８－１１．７０ｈ时，死区容积只占反应器总容积的２．１％－６．７＾。反应器在实际运行中可忽略不良水力混合的影响，水力负荷和沼气容积产量共同影响水流流速在升流方向上的均匀性，它们在离散数Ｄ之间存在着如下关系；Ｄ＝０．００３３Ｌ＋０．０４５Ｇ＋０．０７３。     

改善饮食业厨房环境的新通风技术应用探讨

传统饮食业厨房采用混合通风技术,存在室内油烟污染严重、室内温度高、气流组织不合理、负荷波动大的特点。文章首次将置换通风技术的独特通风原理引入到饮食业厨房设计中。介绍了置换通风的原理。通过与传统混合通风技术的比较,分析得出置换通风能够改善饮食业厨房工作区域的气流分布形式、降低室内尤其是人员呼吸区的温度及污染物浓度、减少厨房室内的计算负荷、增大通风效率以及换气效率,从而提高室内空气品质,同时降低能耗、节约能源。     

两种典型污染时段鹤山市大气细颗粒污染特征及来源

PM_2.5和O₃浓度超标是我国大气污染的主要特征,研究两种典型污染时段的细颗粒化学组成、混合状态和来源对治理大气污染具有重要意义.2016年11月10—20日广东省鹤山市先后出现了PM_2.5和O₃超标的污染事件.污染期间,采用SPAMS（单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪）对细颗粒进行实时采样分析,共采集到有正负化学组成信息的颗粒422 944个,占总颗粒数的19.2%.基于单颗粒质谱数据特征,使用自适应共振神经元网络算法（ART-2a）,对单颗粒数据进行自适应分类.颗粒物划分为OC（有机碳）、EC（元素碳）、ECOC（元素-有机碳混合）、HOC（高分子有机碳）、Pb-rich（富铅）、Si-rich（富硅）、LEV（左旋葡聚糖）、K-Secondary（钾二次）、Na-rich（海盐）和HM（重金属）颗粒共10类.结果表明:两个PM_2.5污染时段EC颗粒和K-Secondary颗粒的占比高,EC颗粒分别占46.5%和61.1%,K-Secondary颗粒分别占14.3%和10.3%;O₃污染时段EC颗粒占比（39.4%）最高,其次是OC颗粒占比17.0%;两种污染时段OC组分与HSO₄-和NO₃-的混合程度都有明显的上升,说明污染有利于有机气溶胶的老化.由源解析结果可知,PM_2.5污染时段,细颗粒主要来源于燃煤、机动车尾气和扬尘,而O₃污染时段细颗粒主要来源于燃煤、生物质燃烧和扬尘;此外,两种污染时段燃煤源对细颗粒的贡献都有较大提升.研究显示,控制燃煤源的排放对污染物的降低有着重要影响.