简化一维水质模型在突发水污染事故模拟预测中的应用

传统水质模拟预测模型对突发水污染事故事发地的水文、水下地形等资料要求较高,在缺乏相应资料时会影响对水污染事故的可靠预测和预警。为解决问题,亟需建立在应急条件下能快速预测预警的简化水质模型。以传统一维水质模型为基础,通过人工测量河流沿程流速,自动插值获得流场以替代模型中对流场的求解,再求解一维对流扩散方程,以此获得简化的一维水质模拟预测模型。模拟计算结果表明,相对于传统水质模型,简化后一维水质预警模型可快速准确地预测突发水污染事故后污染态势。     

浦阳江流域(浦江县段)面源污染模型估算及河流生态缓冲带重点区域识别

以浦阳江流域(浦江县段)为研究区,从流域面源污染空间特征入手,提出浦阳江流域岸边带建设的重点区域。采用DPeRS面源污染负荷估算模型,具体分析了2018年浦阳江流域面源污染负荷空间分布特征,并采用面向对象方法提取了岸线和河流生态缓冲带土地覆盖类型,以汇水区为单元,结合面源污染估算结果识别了浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带重点区。结果表明：浦阳江流域中部和中北部地区面源污染排放负荷较高,面源污染入河负荷高值区主要集中于中下游地区;该流域31个汇水区中,TN和NH₄⁺-N重点汇水区有17个,主要分布在流域的中部和东北部;TP和COD重点汇水区有12个,集中分布于流域中部;浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带范围内,植被类型和非植被类型面积占比分别为65.49%和34.51%,其中耕地面积占比29.36%,建筑用地占比11.89%;综合浦阳江流域面源污染重点汇水区和河流生态缓冲带现状遥感提取结果,筛选出的重点区包括下游地区的7号汇水区和中游地区的18~25号汇水区所在的河流生态缓冲带。今后,可针对其重点区域设计生态防护工程,也应结合源头减量、过程拦截、末端消纳与资源循环利用的防控策略,综合削减面源污染物入河量。     

Using a process-based model to understand dynamics of Chinese agricultural and water technology development from 8000 bc to 1911 ad

Advancements in technology are inextricably bound to our society and the natural environment. However, how the development process of a technology system interacts with both remains unclear. We propose a process model to understand the complex dynamics among technology, society, and the environment via seven interactive elements: technologies, actors, receiving bodies, natural contexts, social contexts, temporal–spatial contexts, and outcomes. The model was applied to agricultural and water technology development in China from 8000 bc to 1911 ad. Our findings show that these elements did not play equally important roles in different periods of the development in ancient China, with social contexts most dominating during the earlier periods and both social and environmental concerns arising towards the later periods. The proposed model, by identifying the elements in the technology development that should be strengthened, can act as an analysis device to assist in reconfiguring a more sustainable socio-technological system.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01424-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Trans-boundary air pollution over remote islands in Japan: observed data and estimates from a numerical model

Observations of air pollutants were conducted in remote Japanese islands (Oki Island and Okinawa Island) in early spring to clarify the extent of trans-boundary air pollution from the Asian continent. A three-dimensional Eulerian model calculation, which included parameters on emission, transport and transformation of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and ammonia, was performed to compile sulfate isosurface concentrations over the observational sites. Concentrations of non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO₄²⁻) of greater than 10 μg m⁻³ were observed at Oki after the northeastward passage of low-pressure systems in the Sea of Japan. At these times, the weather showed a typical winter pattern and air pollutants over China were transported southeastward to Japan with the northwesterly wind. The model calculation reproduced the observed variations of nss-SO₄²⁻ concentration well, except for one case in which the model calculation could not reproduce the extremely low nss-SO₄²⁻ concentration observed on 8 March. In Hedo (Okinawa Island), we observed long-lasting (3 days) medium concentrations of nss-SO₄²⁻ (approximately 5 μg m⁻³). Although the model reproduced these observed medium concentrations well, in general the observed results were reproduced better for Oki than for Hedo. Under the synoptic weather conditions of early spring, high concentrations of nss-sulfate were sometimes transported to these remote Japanese islands from areas of continental Asia with a strong outflow of air pollutants.     

活性污泥模型研究及其工艺软件的发展

本文综述了活性污泥模型从基于Monod方程的稳态模型到以ASM1、ASM2、ASM3为代表的动态模型的发展过程 ,介绍了各代表性模型的特点并对当前典型的活性污泥工艺软件作了评述 ,提出其研究方向及发展趋势     

基于电絮凝法处理矿区高浓度含氟地下水动力学分析

采用铝电极电絮凝体系对矿区高含氟地下水进行处理,研究了高氟浓度下电絮凝除氟过程,分别考察了电流密度、极板间距、进水氟质量浓度及pH对除氟效果和动力学常数的影响,并建立了电絮凝除氟动力学方程模型。结果表明：最佳除氟参数为电流密度为450 A·m⁻³,极间距为5 mm,pH为6.0~7.0;当进水氟质量浓度为12.1 mg·L⁻¹时,经60 min电絮凝除氟后可使进水氟质量浓度由12.1 mg·L⁻¹降为0.6 mg·L⁻¹以下,整个除氟过程遵循一级反应动力学模型且除氟动力学常数取决于电流密度、极板间距和进水氟质量浓度。絮体结构与成分分析表明,在pH=6.0~7.0条件下,电絮凝体系中主要形成的无定型羟基铝化合物使除氟效果达到最好,较高的进水氟质量浓度有助于提高铝离子利用效率。     

“无废城市”建设下的“无废校园”固废产量预测模型——以内蒙古工业大学为例

开展“无废城市”建设是我国建设生态文明、实现美丽中国目标的重要工作内容,是推动实现绿色低碳高质量发展的有力抓手,而“无废校园”建设则是“无废城市”建设的必要补充,旨在全面实现校园固废资源化与无害化,打造低碳、环保、节能、友好的校园环境。本研究以内蒙古工业大学为例,通过文献调研、实地走访调查和预测模型构建相结合的方式,系统研究了内蒙古工业大学校园固废产生规律及固废产量预测模型。结果表明,校园固废具有产生数量大、产生空间集中、产生时间具有阶段性等特点,其中教学楼、操场、住宿楼日固废产生均值分别为(6.08±0.77)、(4.50±0.82)、(23.58±5.41) kg,且不同区域之间固废产量呈现季节性差异;校园固废种类较社会面单一,易于分类管理,其中88.10%的学生非上课时间集中活动在教学科研区与宿舍区,并产生了约92.53%的固废量;基于实际数据及GM(1,1)灰色预测模型构建发现系统对夏季和冬季校园固废拟合精度分别为好和合格,预测结果可靠。本研究结果可为“无废城市”建设下的“无废校园”建设提供参考。     

曝气策略对膜面剪切力的影响机制及其优化

曝气冲刷是浸没式MBR工艺不同于常规活性污泥法工艺的关键特征,然而现行规范的曝气系统设计与运行比较粗放,缺乏气泡尺寸模拟优化方法。以可直接观测的工程规模 (500 m³·d⁻¹) 膜生物反应器为研究对象,对穿孔管角度进行了优化研究,并用群体平衡模型(Population Balance Model,PBM)模型模拟污泥混合液不同粘度下的内部气泡分布情况。结果表明：穿孔管角度垂直向下、60°、45°、30°、垂直向上在膜面产生的平均剪切力分别为1.74、1.46、1.19、1.38、1.67 Pa,这表明曝气角度最优为垂直向下。0.3%、0.5%和0.8%浓度的羧甲基纤维素钠(Carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC)下产生的平均剪切力分别是1.51、1.92、2.24 Pa,气泡直径逐渐增大。且气泡尺寸越大、流速越大,分布越均匀。基于0.3%、0.5% CMC的速度实验结果与 PBM模拟结果基本吻合。该研究结果可为MBR技术的工艺优化和系统控制方法提升提供参考。     

垃圾填埋场对地下水污染的模拟研究

在对长春市某垃圾填埋场进行野外调查的基础上 ,于室内进行了垃圾淋滤模拟实验。分析了垃圾渗滤液污染组分的自然衰减规律 ,建立了垃圾填埋场地下水污染的数值模型 ,采用FEFLOW软件对其进行模拟和预报 ,并取得了较好的效果 ,最后提出防止和防治垃圾填埋场污染地下水的若干措施。     

城市内涝灾害应急救援指派模型

为实现应急救援队伍的合理派遣以快速营救受困人员,根据城市内涝灾害特点、城市内涝灾害情况和救援资源的分布,综合考虑应急救援队伍的救援效率、救援可靠性、救援时间等因素,构建多目标应急救援指派模型。运用模糊数学思想,将各目标下的属性值矩阵转化为模糊关系矩阵。针对优化模型的特点,采用反点法对模型进行求解。为证明反点算法的可行性,采用标准匈牙利算法对模型进行求解并加以验证。算例结果表明,多目标优化方案可以进行良好的任务分配,可满足应急救援任务的需要。