Fe/Al改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附性能研究

利用膨润土原矿提取了粒径小于2μm的膨润土胶体,经过钠质化处理后分别用聚羟基铁和聚羟基铝进行改性,然后用一次平衡法研究了改性膨润土对水体中铬酸根的吸附性能.结果表明,与原矿相比,改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量有了不同程度的提高,铁改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量大于铝改性者.CrO42-的吸附平衡浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1时,Mt-1(Fe)、Mt-2(Fe)和Mt-3(Al)对铬酸根的吸附量分别为271.0 mmol·kg-1、114.0 mmol·kg-1和16.1 mmol·kg-1.改性膨润土对铬酸根的吸附量随离子强度的增加而增大,随体系pH值的增加而减小.铬酸根在改性膨润土表面的吸附以专性吸附机制为主,静电吸附所占比例很小,一般不超过30%.这些研究结果可为开发新型水处理剂提供理论指导.     

生态城市特征性指标的辨析及其应用

生态城市是依据生态学原理提出的一类社会、经济、自然协调发展的城市.基于生态城市内涵建立的城市特征性指标对城市特征性要素的量化和评价,是将生态城市个性这一主观观念变为可操作性目标的主要途径.基于城市复合生态系统理论和生态城市"健康、安全和发展"内涵,探讨了生态城市特征性指标的辨析方法.以厦门为例构建了厦门生态城市特征性指标体系.评价结果揭示了厦门城市特有的生态环境和资源的总体状态为亚健康状态(0.69)、比较脆弱的中警状态(0.39)和一般持续的发展状态(0.63).与现实的分析调研结果相符.这表明生态城市特征性指标有助于研究者辨识和评价城市生态系统的特定复合特征,更有针对性地明确城市生态规划和建设的重点行动领域,从而为城市实施可持续发展战略提供决策依据.     

Observed LATCH use and misuse characteristics of child restraint systems in seven states

INTRODUCTION: Although the LATCH System (Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children) holds the promise of simplifying the installation of a child restraint system (CRS) to the vehicle's seat, many drivers transporting young children have difficulties using this technology. This paper reports on an observation study of LATCH use and misuse. METHOD: Observations of approximately 1,000 children less than 5 years of age in CRSs, in the back seats of vehicles that were equipped with tether and lower anchors, in seven states. RESULTS: Tethers were used for 51% of the children when the forward-facing CRS had tether straps and the vehicle had tether anchors. Lower anchors were used for 58% of the children when the CRS had lower attachments and the vehicle had lower anchors. The most common tether and lower attachment misuses were loose tether straps (18% of cases) and loose lower attachment installation (30% of the cases), respectively. Vehicle safety belts were used in combination with lower attachments in 20% of all lower anchor installations. CONCLUSION: As more caregivers of young children drive vehicles equipped with LATCH, it will be important to promote the proper installation of CRSs using this technology. LATCH education messages must also emphasize that the lower anchors may not always be the safest choice for CRS attachment -- the safest attachment is the one that results in a tight fit and will be used correctly consistently.     

农村环境安全评价体系研究

农村环境安全是近年来国内研究的一个新领域,研究成果对我国新农村建设具有重要的指导意义.本文在小尺度水平上,建立了农村环境安全评价体系.采用由大到小、由点到面、逐层分解的方法,把整个评价体系分3个层次,21个具体指标,强调人口素质与人均耕地2个基本要素,突出有机固体废物资源化水平和经济发展水平对农村环境安全的影响.建立的农村环境安全评价体系具有层次简单、数据容易获得、运算方便、评价结果合理等特点.     

水产品中甲氰菊酯残留的ELISA快速检测

为快速检测水产品中甲氰菊酯的残留,应用水溶性碳化二亚胺(EDC)法将甲氰菊酸与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和卵清蛋白(OVA)偶联,合成了甲氰菊酯的人工免疫抗原和包被抗原.免疫抗原经紫外扫描和聚丙烯酰胺电泳验证构建成功,用此抗原免疫试验兔子,获得了甲氰菊酯的多克隆抗体.经检测,抗体对甲氰菊酯具有较好的特异性和灵敏性.在此基础上建立了水产品中甲氰菊酯残留的间接ELISA检测法.理想的甲氰菊酯-OVA包被抗原质量浓度为1.6 mg/L,酶标二抗(羊抗兔IgG-HRP)的稀释度为1∶1000,多抗的稀释度为1∶3 200,最适检测范围为20～200 μg/kg,在实际样品检测时的最低检出限为20 μg/kg,接近或达到气相色谱法的测定水平,但检测速度大大提高,可在3 h内完成近百个样品的分析,适合甲氰菊酯的快速检测.     

好氧微生物在硝基苯污染河水原位修复中的应用

在好氧条件下,从长期受硝基苯污染的化工厂排污口底泥和河道底质中分离得到3株对硝基苯有明显降解作用的优势微生物.为了比较这些优势菌的降解效果,作了硝基苯初始质量浓度分别为50 mg/L、25 mg/L、12.5 mg/L、6.25 mg/L、3.13 mg/L等不同梯度下的模拟修复实验,并且检验了单一菌与混合菌的降解能力.实验结果表明:当硝基苯初始质量浓度为50 mg/L时,优势菌作用不明显,硝基苯的去除主要依靠自然挥发作用;当硝基苯初始质量浓度为3.13 mg/L时,混合菌对硝基苯的降解能力较强,72 h的去除率达到99%,而此时空白对照(CK)的去除率仅为60%.分析实验结果得到,混合菌可能存在协同作用;由于产物中未检出NO2-,所以硝基苯降解途径中可能存在部分还原历程.     

水体中苯胺光降解的实验研究

为了更好地了解苯胺类物质在环境中的化学行为,在自行设计的光化学反应器上进行模拟天然水体的苯胺光降解实验,用气相色谱法测定苯胺的残余质量浓度,考察了水体pH值、光强、反应时间、光敏化剂、水质等条件影响下苯胺的光降解效果和规律.3h内苯胺在3个不同体系中的降解效果从大到小依次是:去离子水模拟天然水体、加入光敏化物质的灭菌河水、未加光敏化物质的灭菌河水.pH值为5.0,Fe2 、过氧化氢、腐殖质存在时苯胺的光降解效果较好.     

石油化工行业可接受风险水平研究

石油化工行业存在着巨大的潜在风险,为了明确该行业的风险可接受水平,制定一个合理可行的可接受风险准则极为必要.本文在对国内外风险可接受水平研究的基础上,系统分析了国内外有关标准,对生命风险水平、经济风险水平和环境风险水平确定的基本思想进行了详尽阐述,分别给出了3种风险的可接受水平公式,提出了确定石化行业可接受风险水平的方法,需同时满足可接受生命风险、经济风险和环境风险.     

绿色阻垢剂聚天冬氨酸的液相优化制备

在分析国外多种合成聚天冬氨酸(PASP)的方法的基础上,采用马来酸酐与氨水进行溶液聚合的方法制备聚天冬氨酸,并对产物的阻垢率、黏均相对分子质量、生物降解性等性能指标进行了评价.采用静态阻垢法评价产物的阻垢率;采用极限黏度法测定聚琥珀酰亚氨的聚合度,然后计算PASP的黏均相对分子质量;采用摇床法通过对比降解前后的COD检测PASP的生物降解性能.同时,根据性能指标的变化分别对原料的物质的量配比、聚合温度和聚合时间进行了单一条件的筛选.经实验确定的合成PASP的最佳条件是:原料物质的量配比1∶1.1,聚合温度160℃,聚合时间1 h.在此条件下合成的PASP阻垢率超过95%,生物降解性能达到70%.     

Experience,but not distance,influences the recruitment precision in the stingless bee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scaptotrigona mexicana</Emphasis>

Recruitment precision, i.e. the proportion of recruits that reach an advertised food source, is a crucial adaptation of social bees to their environment. Studies with honeybees showed that recruitment precision is not a fixed feature, but it may be enhanced by factors like experience and distance. However, little is known regarding the recruitment precision of stingless bees. Hence, in this study, we examined the effects of experience and spatial distance on the precision of the food communication system of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona mexicana. We conducted the experiments by training bees to a three-dimensional artificial patch at several distances from the colony. We recorded the choices of individual recruited foragers, either being newcomers (foragers without experience with the advertised food source) or experienced (foragers that had previously visited the feeder). We found that the average precision of newcomers (95.6 ± 2.61%) was significantly higher than that of experienced bees (80.2 ± 1.12%). While this might seem counter-intuitive on first sight, this “loss” of precision can be explained by the tendency of experienced recruits to explore nearby areas to find new rewarding food sources after they had initially learned the exact location of the food source. Increasing the distance from the colony had no significant effect on the precision of the foraging bees. Thus, our data show that experience, but not the distance of the food source, affected the patch precision of S. mexicana foragers.