等离子体改性对活性炭纤维表面化学结构的影响

采用放电等离子体对活性炭纤维表面进行改性,通过改变活性炭纤维的化学官能团来强化活性炭纤维对SO2和NOx的吸附和催化作用。利用XPS、FTIR等方法对改性活性炭纤维的化学性质进行表征,研究了活性炭纤维表面官能团在等离子体改性过程中的转化规律和机理。实验结果表明:放电改性过程可以有效地向活性炭纤维表面引入有利于脱硫脱氮的含氧、含氮官能团;当电压为8kV,放电时间为5min时,放电改性活性炭纤维的效果最佳。     

Effect of Pretreatment with UV Radiation on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Photocured Jute Yarn with 1,6-Hexanediol Diacrylate (HDDA)

Jute yarns were grafted with a single impregnating monomer 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) in order to improve the physicomechanical properties. Jute yarns soaked for different soaking times (3, 5, 10, and 30 minutes) in HDDA+MeOH solutions at different proportions (1–10% HDDA in MeOH [v/v] along with photoinitiator Darocur-1664 [3%]) were cured under UV lamp at different UV radiation intensities (two, four, six, and eight passes). Concentration of monomer, soaking time, and intensity of UV radiation were optimized with extent of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus. Enhanced tensile strength (67%), modulus (108%), and polymer loading (11%) were achieved with 5% HDDA concentration, 5-minute soaking time, fourth pass of UV radiation. To further improve the mechanical properties, the jute yarns were pretreated with UV radiation (5, 10, 15, 30, and 50 passes) and treated with optimized monomer concentration (5%). UV-pretreated samples showed the enhanced properties. The tensile strength and modulus increase up to 84% and 132%, respectively, than that of virgin jute yarn. An experiment involving water absorption capacity shows that water uptake by treated samples was much lower than that of the untreated samples. During the weathering test, treated yarns exhibited less loss of mechanical properties than untreated yarns.     

Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Plastics Molded from Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Modified Soy Protein Isolates

Soybean protein is a potential material for manufacturing of biodegradable plastics. The objective of this investigation was to characterize the thermal and mechanical properties of plastics made from sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-modified soy proteins. Soy protein isolate (SPI) was prepared from defatted soy flour, modified with various concentrations of SDS, and then molded into plastics. The temperatures of denaturation of the modified soy protein increased at low SDS concentration and then decreased at high SDS concentration. At the same SDS concentration, the plastics molded from the modified soy proteins showed a similar temperature of denaturation, but a lower enthalpy of denaturation compared to the modified soy protein. Young's modulus of the plastics decreased as SDS concentration increased, and the tensile strength and strain at break of the plastics reached a maximum value at 1% SDS modification. Two glass transition temperatures were identified corresponding to the 7S and 11S globulins in SPI by dynamic mechanical analysis, and they decreased as SDS concentration increased. The SDS modification increased the water absorption of the plastics.     

用改性赤泥吸附废水中的六价铬

用国内烧结法产生的赤泥作主要原料,以氯化铁为改性剂制得改性赤泥,用其吸附含铬废水中的重铬酸根阴离子。当废水中六价铬的质量浓度为80mg／L时,在环境温度为30℃、改性赤泥投加量为10g／L、pH为2左右的酸性环境中,2h达到吸附平衡,去除率可达96．18％。并且利用Langmuir等温式和Freundlich等温式对其吸附机理进行了探讨,结果表明,氯化铁改性赤泥对重铬酸根阴离子的吸附是通过物理吸附和化学吸附的协同作用来进行的。     

纳米材料的表面修饰和表征技术

介绍了纳米粒子的表面改性及表面修饰的目的和方法,并对纳米微粒表面改性的各种方法原理及其特点进行了归纳;对纳米材料的常用分析和表征技术做了概括,主要从纳米颗粒的粒度测量、纳米微粒的表面分析、成分分析等方面进行了简要阐述;对纳米材料的表面修饰和表征技术的发展进行了展望。     

真菌预处理优化制备微介多级孔炭及其吸附甲苯的研究

提出采用黄孢原毛平革菌对生物质前体物进行预处理的制备策略,从而研发孔结构可调的多级孔炭材料模板.选用荷叶作为生物质原材料,探讨菌种投加量、培养时间对多级孔炭材料前驱体的影响,并采用水蒸气物理活化法,分析活化温度和活化时间对炭材料比表面积、孔径分布和表面官能团的综合作用.最后,通过Raman、XRD、BET、FTIR、TGA、SEM、EA等手段表征其物理化学性质,并考察真菌预处理对炭材料的甲苯吸附性能的影响.结果表明,在生物质荷叶质量30 g、菌种投加量4 mL、培养时间7 d、活化温度800℃、活化时间90 min条件下制备的微介多级孔炭材料,在含有较多介孔的前提下比表面积可达937 m~2·g~(-1),总孔容为0.68 cm~3·g~(-1).动态模拟吸附实验发现,经预处理的炭材料在甲苯浓度905 mg·m~(-3)下对其饱和吸附容量为304 mg·g~(-1),是未经真菌调控荷叶吸附容量的1.83倍,吸附性能的提升主要归因于比表面积、孔容及表面酸性基团增大的作用.经真菌预处理调控的炭材料对甲苯的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,属于单分子层吸附.     

光助Fenton反应催化剂Fe/Al2O3的制备及其对六氯苯的催化活性研究

采用超声促进浸渍法制备了光助Fenton催化剂Fe/Al2O3,利用该催化剂对六氯苯（HCB）进行光助Fenton氧化降解,考察了浸渍液浓度、浸渍温度、灼烧温度和灼烧时间等制备条件对其催化降解六氯苯的活性的影响,确定了制备Fe/Al2O3的工艺条件,并对制得的催化剂进行表征。结果表明,超声促进浸渍法制备非均相光助Fenton反应催化剂Fe/Al2O3的最佳工艺条件为：浸渍液浓度25mmol/L,浸渍温度40℃,焙烧温度500℃,焙烧时间3h。在此条件下制备的催化剂对六氯苯的降解具有较高的催化活性。     

改性聚氨酯载体用于高氨氮废水处理的研究

利用聚丁二酰亚胺对聚氨酯泡沫体进行化学改性处理,研究改性载体固定化微生物处理高氨氮模拟废水的效果。结果表明:当聚氨酯单元与聚丁二酰亚胺单元摩尔比为10∶1时,对泡沫进行改性后聚氨酯泡沫载体亲水性能良好,且具有较高的微生物负载量。改性后泡沫体上具有化学活性的官能团增加,有利于通过载体结合法固定化微生物细胞;,改性后的聚氨酯泡沫体作为微生物固定化载体用于模拟废水处理时,对主要污染指标呈现良好的污染物去除效果。     

表面酸碱2步改性对活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

研究了酸碱2步改性对活性炭吸附水相中Cr(Ⅵ)的影响.将活性炭(AC₀)在HNO₃溶液中氧化(AC₁),然后在NaOH和NaCl的混合液中处理(AC₂).分别采用平衡和连续吸附试验,测试Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特征.以Boemh滴定法定量检测活性炭表面酸性官能团数量,结合元素分析结果定量表征活性炭的表面含氧官能团变化;以低温液氮(N₂/77K)吸附法分析活性炭的比表面积和孔径结构.结果表明:活性炭经2步改性后,其Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量和吸附速度均显著改变.吸附容量和吸附速度大小依次为AC₂>AC₁>AC₀.改性活性炭表面积下降,表面含氧酸性官能团数量增加.HNO₃液相氧化处理可使活性炭表面生成带正电含氧酸性官能团,第2步改性后活性炭表面酸性官能团H⁺部分被Na⁺取代,使活性炭表面酸性降低.表面较多的含氧酸性官能团(与AC₀相比)、适宜的表面pH(与AC₁相比)是AC₂所表现出较高Cr(Ⅵ)吸附容量的主要原因.     

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.