雾霾污染的空间外溢与治理政策的检验分析

以2006~2016年城市层面数据为样本,结合空间扩散效应深入探究雾霾污染的影响机理,并对已出台治霾政策的治理效果和传导机制进行识别.研究发现：考察期内我国雾霾污染具有一定时滞性、空间相关性和时空“警示作用”;以往环境规制由于诱发污染产业地区间就近转移对减霾贡献并未达到预期效果.“大气十条”的治霾效果明显,到2016年该政策的实施使重点关注的三大经济带PM_2.5显著降低约7.1%,其中,中部和东部区域政策实施城市治理效果最为显著;政策实施以来各地区环保部门通过对重污染企业的限产整治取得了降霾的短期治理效果,但对重污染企业的创新激励传导作用并不显著.因此,未来雾霾治理政策更需注重如何通过激发企业绿色技术创新从而建立根治雾霾污染的长效机制.     

Voluntary urban climate programmes: should city governments be involved and,if so,how?

It has been proposed that voluntary urban climate programmes overcome shortfalls in mandatory, top-down, state-led government interventions to address climate change risks. Such programmes seek commitments from households and firms to improve their environmental sustainability, but do not have the force of law. City governments are actively developing and implementing such programmes, seeking improved and accelerated urban climate action. There is little evidence, however, of whether their involvement positively affects voluntary programme performance. This article presents qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of 26 voluntary programmes from Australia, the Netherlands and the US, seeking to understand whether, and if so how, city governments affect the performance of voluntary urban climate programmes. The results will help to inform city governments about the roles they may play in urban climate governance.     

Contextualisation of policy and law in sustainable urban development

The old tension between planning and law is revived in current practices of sustainable development. Urban professionals often blame central regulation for frustrating an inventive integration of local initiatives and policies. Against this background, the authors focus on the potential of ‘legal contextualisation’: the challenge of how to improve on regulation in such a way that it guides local practices in a normative sense but simultaneously enables optimal use of local – context bounded – option space. In order to make legal contextualisation researchable, the next four operational avenues of analysis are constructed in this paper: the normative dimension (requiring quality of legal norms); the relational dimension (studying the alignment of norms in different positions, such as the legislation, the court, and social compliance); the temporal dimension (searching the alignment of different moments of legal validation); and the functional dimension (making transparent the different roles that government agencies may take).     

Climate change adaptation at different levels of government: Characteristics and conditions of policy change

Climate change adaptation strategies that aim to minimize harm and maximize benefits related to climate change impacts have mushroomed at all levels of government in recent years. While many studies have explored barriers that stand in the way of their implementation, the factors determining their potential to mainstream adaptation into various sectors are less clear. In the present paper, we aim to address this gap for two international, six national, and six local adaptation strategies. Based on document analyses and 35 semi‐structured interviews, the 14 case studies also explore in how far the factors facilitating climate change adaptation are similar across levels of government or level‐specific. Although located at three different levels of government, we find that the 14 adaptation strategies analyzed here represent “one‐size‐fits‐all governance arrangements” that are characterized by voluntariness and a lack institutionalization. Since adaptation strategies are relatively weak coordination hubs that are unable to force adaptation onto sectoral policy agendas, they rely mainly on sectoral self‐interest in adapting to climate change, largely determined by problem pressure. We conclude that one‐size‐fits‐all governance arrangements are rarely adequate responses to complex challenges, such as climate change. Although climate change adaptation depends more on framework conditions such as problem pressure than on administrative or governance features, the findings presented here can help to understand under what circumstances adaptation is likely to make progress.     

多层级系统安全状态量化及动态评价方法

为及时、合理评价生产系统安全状况,促进现场安全管理工作的持续改进,依据生产现场日常隐患排查的安全管理机制,将反映生产现场系统安全属性的安全要素集,根据行业特点进行归类来提取评价指标,形成一个表达系统安全状态的逻辑结构,研究以诸多安全要素风险值来量化评价指标的方法,用以刻画系统安全逻辑结构中指标层的安全状态。采用适用于多样本关联分析的熵权法,客观、动态地确定指标权重;采用加权灰色关联分析法,描述评价样本接近于系统安全目标的程度来确定评价等级,实现了生产现场系统安全动态、定量评价。实例分析表明,通过系统安全状态量化与动态评价能及时甄别反映系统薄弱环节的系统安全主控因素,为现场安全管理提供决策依据。     

网格化管理对环境治理体系创新的研究

网格化管理能打破部门与职能边界,突破层级节制的组织结构,其精细化、责任化、规范化、高效化引发城市网格化管理热潮,但其管控性、封闭化、重行政化又备受质疑.网格化治理对网格化管理进行了探讨,对网格化的优缺点进行了扬弃,对网格化的吸纳治理理念,弱化管控思想进行了分析,对网格化在治理体系、治理主体、治理手段、治理过程上深度契合进行了探讨,坚决以党的十八届三中全会提出的治理现代化理念为中心,为子孙后代,为环境治理做出贡献.     

Designing regional-level stakeholder engagement processes: striving for good governance while meeting the challenges of scale

Stakeholder engagement processes have sought to ensure that state government meets public trust and good governance obligations to citizens. As the expectations of stakeholders and state agencies change, and management focuses on landscape-level interventions, a change in the level at which agencies engage the public is needed. This involves tradeoffs, as different levels call for different engagement design and implementation considerations. To understand how these differences affect decision making, we examine a regional engagement model for deer management in New York that was piloted to replace a sub-regional model. We identify concerns with the old model, objectives for the redesigned model, and explain the logistical and good governance considerations that informed its design. We share our evaluation of the model's process and outcomes, including implications for program design and scale. Overall, despite the pilot model's attention to design components aimed at addressing potential barriers to regional engagement as well as limitations of the previous engagement model, the pilot did not meet many of its objectives, especially those related to representation, resulting in some of the same concerns associated with the model it was intended to enhance and replace. Implications of this for regional-level engagement efforts are discussed.     

Assessment practices in the policy and politics cycles: a contribution to reflexive governance for sustainable development?

ABSTRACT

This article examines systematic assessment practices linked to sustainable development policies. We consider five types of assessment—monitoring, policy evaluation, formal audit, peer review, and specialist reporting—and explore their fate in the policy and electoral politics cycles. In contrast to traditional views of the policy cycle, we note that systematic assessments provide complementary feedback around the entire policy cycle. However, despite this omnipresence, their policy relevance is usually severely limited, inter alia because the policy cycle captures only parts of the political reality. A major concern for politicians (but not necessarily for policy or governance scholars) that goes far beyond the formulation and implementation of policies is the broader cycle of electoral politics that determines the state's political personnel as well as government priorities. Here, we highlight that the findings of systematic assessments are often lost in a cacophony of voices to which politicians are more carefully attuned, such as media responses and opinion polls, implying that scientific evidence is simply ‘overwritten’ with other kinds of evidence representing alternative rationalities and priorities. Despite numerous shortcomings, the true value of systematic assessment practices lies in their potential to furnish ammunition to state and non-state actors interested in securing change.     

Shades of blue: what do competing interpretations of the Blue Economy mean for oceans governance?

The ‘Blue Economy’ is an increasingly popular term in modern marine and ocean governance. The concept seeks to marry ocean-based development opportunities with environmental stewardship and protection. Yet different actors are co-opting this term in competing, and often conflicting ways. Four conceptual interpretations of the Blue Economy are identified, through examination of dominant discourses within international Blue Economy policy documents and key ‘grey’ literature. The way the Blue Economy is enacted is also examined, through an analysis of the Blue Economy ‘in practice’, and the actors involved. Finally, the scope of the Blue Economy is explored, with a particular focus on which particular marine industries are included or excluded from different conceptualizations. This analysis reveals areas of both consensus and conflict. Areas of consensus reflect the growing trend towards commodification and valuation of nature, the designation and delimitation of spatial boundaries in the oceans and increasing securitization of the world's oceans. Areas of conflict exist most notably around a divergence in opinions over the legitimacy of individual sectors as components of the ‘Blue Economy’, in particular, carbon-intensive industries like oil and gas, and the emerging industry of deep seabed mining.     

《巴黎协定》后全球气候治理的形势与中国的引领作用

当前落实《巴黎协定》的实施细则谈判中,如何体现气候变化公约和《巴黎协定》的原则,全面、均衡地推进适应、减缓、资金、技术、能力建设和透明度各要素的进展,各缔约方仍存在较大分歧。为缩小各国减排承诺与实现控制温升2℃目标间的差距,2018年将开展"促进性对话",强化各缔约方的承诺和行动,也面临复杂的博弈形势。中国倡导合作共赢、公平正义、共同发展的全球气候治理新理念,把合作应对气候变化作为推动各国可持续发展的机遇,促进各国特别是发展中国家走上气候适宜型的低碳经济发展路径,以实现"发展"与"减碳"的双赢,促进各国加强互惠合作,共同发展,打造人类命运共同体。在国内遵循绿色、循环、低碳发展理念,统筹国内可持续发展与全球应对气候变化国内、国际两个大局,推动能源革命和经济发展方式转型,打造经济、民生、资源、环境与应对气候变化多方共赢的局面。加强国际务实合作,结合"一带一路"建设,秉承生态文明建设和绿色发展理念,与沿线国家可持续发展战略相对接,加强先进能源产业与低碳基础设施的建设和互联互通。中国在全球气候治理变革、能源与经济低碳转型、互惠共赢国际合作等领域,已经并将继续做出重要贡献,发挥引领作用。