Geopolitics of global climate change and energy security

Currently,the problem of climate change is already far beyond the category of scientific research,and it affects the economic operation mode,interests pattern,and geographical relationships and becomes the focus of global governance.During the transition period of the international economic and social development and the critical transformation period of the world geopolitical pattern reorganization,China’s industrialization is still at the intermediate stage,and tackling with climate change is also China’s internal demand under this development stage.With more influence of climate change on national competitiveness,climate change and geopolitics present complex multiple relations,and climate change in the era of geopolitical landscape gradually affected the national strategy and diplomacy.This article offered some relevant suggestions based on evaluating the new geopolitical characteristics of climate change:(1)weighing of interests and properly handling the complex relations among major powers during international climate negotiations;(2)strengthening risk judgments and actively cooperating with the United States and the European Union on energy and climate change;(3)relying on the"One Belt(Silk Road Economic Belt)and One Road(twenty-first century Maritime Silk Road)"to ensure China’s energy security and actively participating in the global energy governance;(4)strengthening the"south-south cooperation"mechanism innovation and increasing the investment.     

基于“情境—结构—行为—结果”分析的上海市低效工业用地减量化治理

探索低效工业用地减量化治理对优化土地资源利用格局、促进产业升级和城市高质量发展具有重要意义。在分析低效工业用地治理复杂系统特征的基础上,建构“情境—结构—行为—结果”分析框架,以超大城市上海市为例,采用扎根分析方法,揭示减量化过程和运行机理。结果显示：（1）低效工业用地减量化具有规划限制性、公共利益性和乡村嵌入性特征,由外部环境、用地效益、主体角色和减量化治理共同构成“外缘—内核”式的复杂适应系统。（2）建设用地“天花板”刚性约束下的宏观资源—环境—发展压力与微观用地效益是减量化的外部情境;内源性主体治理能力不足与外源性主体基于公共利益主动介入共同构成基于价值共享的治理结构;刚性政策、激励政策和支持政策形成了“三元互补”系统推动了集体行动;结果则呈现出城市高质量发展与资源再配置的协调,而平衡生态保护与经济发展、解决减量化短期压力将成为持续开展减量化的重点与难点。研究结果可为长三角其他城市开展低效工业用地治理提供经验和案例的借鉴。     

Wildlife and wildlife management in Tanzania

Tanzania, arguably mainland Africa's most important nation for conservation, is losing habitat and natural resources rapidly. Moving away from a charcoal energy base and developing sustainable finance mechanisms for natural forests are critical to slowing persistent deforestation. Addressing governance and capacity deficits, including law enforcement, technical skills, and funding, across parts of the wildlife sector are key to effective wildlife protection. These changes could occur in tandem with bringing new models of natural resource management into play that include capacity building, corporate payment for ecosystem services, empowering nongovernmental organizations in law enforcement, greater private‐sector involvement, and novel community conservation strategies. The future of Tanzania's wildlife looks uncertain—as epitomized by the current elephant crisis—unless the country confronts issues of governance, embraces innovation, and fosters greater collaboration with the international community.     

Gaming across scale in peri-urban water management: contribution from two experiences in Bolivia and Brazil

Natural resource governance is by nature multi-level, mobilizing various multi-stakeholder arenas in which a social learning approach may play a role. An approach using simulation tools such as role-playing games was tested in metropolitan areas of two South American cities: (1) in the periphery of Cochabamba, to facilitate conflict resolution stemming from the impact of urbanization on the irrigation infrastructure, and (2) in peri-urban areas of São Paulo, to assist in negotiations on land and water management in a protected catchment. Both interventions were designed to broaden the stakeholders' perspectives and facilitate the exchange of the views of different actors on water and land management using role-playing games. This paper discusses how the scale strategy embedded in the tools and in the mode of participation in fact constrained the possibility of bridging the gap between organisational levels in both situations. This calls for both the crafting of multi-level approaches able to take different levels into account, and finding adequate bridging mechanisms to enhance the integration of learning within organisations and communities.     

Capacity development in protected area management

Increasing land consumption and loss of biodiversity make it particularly important that protected areas fulfil their function. This, however, is often impaired by insufficient political and financial support. This study investigates how existing protected area management capacities can be used more effectively in a prompt and lasting manner. Therefore, data from protected area management effectiveness evaluations were analysed. Efficient workflows and teamwork were identified to be key capacities for effective management. Simultaneously, deficient financial and social security, lack of incentives and inflexible management structures prevent the productive use of existing capacities. In order to improve the situation, greater attention should be given to intangible assets. Additionally, protected area managers and employees must be enabled to be more self-reliant and self-responsible in order to foster a lasting learning process.     

Evolutionary governance choice for corporate social responsibility: a forestry campaign case in South Korea

Firms select different governance types (e.g. internalisation, outsourcing or collaboration) for corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities. This paper examined how the choice of CSR governance type is influenced by social factors and organisational experiences and how changes in these factors affect the governance choice. These questions are especially meaningful in the context of developing countries with weak institutional environments and recent social change. With the unique phenomenon that is not readily explainable in terms of the extant theoretical groundwork on CSR governance choice, a case study of a South Korean forestry campaign by Yuhan-Kimberly was analysed. It was found that social circumstances triggered Yuhan-Kimberly's initiation of forestry projects, but the absence of social infrastructure limited the choice of governance type early on. Lack of experience also constrained the governance choice. Over time, environmental change and the accumulation of organisational knowledge caused the choice of governance to evolve. This study contributes to the CSR governance choice literature by exploring social and organisational determinants other than economic efficiency and by applying a dynamic perspective.     

Invisible institutions in emergencies: Evacuating the remote Indigenous community of Warruwi,Northern Territory Australia,from Cyclone Monica

Tropical Cyclone Monica is one of the most intense Australian cyclones in recorded history, and threatened several Indigenous communities in April 2006. It prompted the evacuation of the remote island community of Warruwi, and caused considerable damage to the mainland township of Maningrida. The evacuation of Warruwi went smoothly as emergency services personnel, the community and the airline cooperated to airlift some 350 people to designated safe areas on the mainland. We show that local institutions culturally embedded in Indigenous ways of understanding and responding to the world were important in providing essential but ‘unofficial’ services during the emergency. Recognizing and respecting the resilience of the local process involved in everyday Indigenous life is revealed as central to ensuring local cooperation and effective involvement of state and national institutions in delivering effective measures during emergencies. Ensuring that local, state and national authorities offer recognition and understanding of these Indigenous institutions, and develop strong relationships with them, should be a priority in developing approaches that limit conflict and trauma where emergency services risk overriding local protocol.     

基于群组决策和模糊层次分析法的城市公共安全评价

为科学地评估城市公共安全现状,根据我国城市公共安全的特点及国家城市安全规划的相关要求,从能力和脆弱性两方面构建了多层次多指标的城市公共安全评价指标体系。通过群组决策和模糊层次分析法,针对不同的指标考虑专家的个体权威和专家群体意见的一致性,引入综合重要度将专家个体判断矩阵集结成群体关于指标权重的判断矩阵,通过群体判断矩阵计算各评价指标的权重。最后根据可拓学理论构建多级可拓评价模型对某市公共安全灾害要素子系统进行评价,得出其安全状况属较安全等级,同时也证明该方法在城市公共安全评价中有较好的适用性。     

2001—2013年我国稀土资源开发生态环境成本评估

科学评估稀土资源开发的生态环境成本是我国稀土资源可持续开发战略制定和稀土市场定价机制改革的客观要求。论文利用遥感影像解译数据、污染源普查数据、污染源动态更新数据、稀土统计数据等多种数据源,考虑“北轻南重”的稀土资源特性,构建了我国稀土资源采选和冶炼的生态破坏损失和环境污染损失核算框架,定量评估了2001—2013年我国北方包头白云鄂博氟碳铈-独居石混合型稀土矿、四川和山东微山氟碳铈矿、南方七省区离子吸附型稀土矿等三大稀土生产基地稀土资源开发的生态环境成本。结果表明：1）2001—2013年我国稀土资源开发的生态环境成本为761.7亿元,其中,采选导致的生态破坏损失为721.8亿元,冶炼导致的环境治理成本为39.9亿元;2）我国三大类稀土矿中,北方包头白云鄂博氟碳铈-独居石混合型稀土矿稀土开发的生态环境损失以环境污染损失为主,环境污染治理成本为25.5亿元,占包头矿生态环境总成本的74.3%,四川和山东微山氟碳铈矿和南方七省区离子吸附型稀土矿以生态破坏损失为主,分别为54.3亿元和658.6亿元,占各自生态环境总成本的89.5%和98.8%;3）南方七省区离子吸附型稀土矿采选单位稀土氧化物生态环境成本大,是四川和山东微山氟碳铈矿的9.6倍,包头白云鄂博氟碳铈-独居石混合型稀土矿的41.4倍;4）我国稀土开发生态环境成本占其价格的45％以上,在现有的市场价格下,扣除生态环境成本,我国稀土产业利润为负。     

企业碳中和行动的驱动力与模式

碳中和已成为我国气候治理和可持续发展的重要目标。尽管碳中和是国家面向2060年的长期愿景,尚未转换成针对企业的政策约束,但全球很多企业已经快速响应,主动制定自身的碳中和战略。本文从企业环境行为的驱动理论出发,分析了企业做出碳中和承诺的内部和外部驱动因素,论证了企业"化被动为主动"、自主实行碳中和战略,不但有助于在未来更加严格的气候政策规制中获得先机、赢得行业竞争优势、拓宽绿色市场份额、规避可能的经济风险,而且具有体现企业社会责任感、树立良好品牌形象、提升企业创新能力和核心竞争力等积极作用。在此基础上,梳理了能源密集型、资源密集型和高新技术企业的碳中和战略及模式,总结分析了国内企业实现碳中和承诺的机遇和挑战,为国内企业制定零碳发展战略、实现碳中和目标提出了路径建议。