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161.
长江中游防洪减灾系统可持续性评价研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
长江中下游平原地区是我国经济发达地区,也是我国洪涝灾害最严重地区之一,根据长江流域可持续发展要求,提出两个问题,一是长江中下游平原区要走可持续发展之路,如何使区内社会经济发展与洪涝灾害相协调,这属于地区可持续发展问题,二是防洪减灾系统能否持久地发挥作用,为社会经济可持续发展提供保障,即防洪减灾系统可持续性评价问题,首先讨论了防洪减灾系统可持续性评价的基本涵义,提出了可持续性评价的5个准则,即功能持久性,风险最低性,经济可行性,环境可承受性及社会可接受性,其次,以长江中游平原分蓄洪工程为例,提出了相应的评价指标体系;最后,选择有效蓄洪量,蓄洪面积,围堤长度,耕地面积,区内人口,区内安全台面积等为指标,建立了分蓄洪工程可持续性评价模型-均衡规划模型,并进行了实例分析探讨。 相似文献
162.
基于资源环境承载力的规划结构优化方法探讨 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
规划结构合理性以及规划结构优化是规划环境影响评价关注的核心问题之一。文章以某煤电、煤化工基地规划环评为例,探讨了以区域资源、环境承载力为约束条件,以经济效益最大化为规划目标,采用线性规划法优化煤电、煤化工基地规划结构的过程。线性规划模型以煤电、煤化工产品的规模作为变量;资源、环境约束条件包括水资源消耗量、煤炭资源消耗量、蒸汽消耗量、电能消耗量、SO2排放量和CO2排放量。通过线性规划模型对煤电、煤化工产品的规模进行优化,在增加煤电、煤化工基地的经济效益的同时,减小了区域资源消耗和污染物排放水平。 相似文献
163.
164.
《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2013,6(2):105-116
A great amount of energy is wasted in industry by machines that remain idle due to underutilisation. A way to avoid wasting energy and thus reducing the carbon print of an industrial plant is to consider minimisation of energy consumption objective while making scheduling decisions. To minimise energy consumption, the decision maker has to decide the timing and length of turn off/turn on operation (a setup) and also provide a sequence of jobs that minimises the scheduling objective, assuming that all jobs are not available at the same time. In this paper, a framework to solve a multiobjective optimisation problem that minimises total energy consumption and total tardiness is proposed. Since total tardiness problem with release dates is an NP‐hard problem, a new greedy randomised multiobjective adaptive search metaheuristic is utilised to obtain an approximate pareto front (i.e. an approximate set of non‐dominated solutions). Analytical Hierarchy Process is utilised to determine the ‘best’ alternative among the solutions on the pareto front. The proposed framework is illustrated in a case study. It is shown that a wide variety of dispersed solutions can be obtained via the proposed framework, and as total tardiness decreases, total energy consumption increases. 相似文献
165.
在铀尾矿库放射性核素泄露污染WSN监测中,针对凸规划定位精度低的问题,提出一种基于阶次序列的凸规划定位算法。通过划分子区域缩小未知节点几何约束范围,建立各子区域的重心坐标到锚节点的阶次序列表,计算未知节点序列与序列表的相关度,并以最大相关度的子区域重心坐标为定位结果。使该改进算法满足低密度条件的定位并能减少其计算量提高定位精度。经过仿真,新算法较凸规划算法在定位精度上提高了14%。 相似文献
166.
Participatory epidemiology methods were employed retrospectively in three pastoralist regions of Ethiopia to estimate the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought. The results showed that starvation/dehydration accounted for between 61.5 and 100 per cent of excess livestock mortality during drought, whereas disease‐related mortality accounted for between 0 and 28.1 per cent of excess mortality. Field observations indicate that, in livestock, disease risks and mortality increase in the immediate post‐drought period, during rain. The design of livelihoods‐based drought response programmes should include protection of core livestock assets, and it should take account of the specific causes of excess livestock mortality during drought and immediately afterwards. This study shows that, when comparing livestock feed supplementation and veterinary support, relatively more aid should be directed at the former if the objective is to protect core livestock during drought. Veterinary support should consider disease‐related mortality in the immediate post‐drought period, and tailor inputs accordingly. 相似文献
167.
通过对城市生活垃圾管理过程中的经济成本和环境影响分析,建立了机会约束区间不确定性线性规划模型(ICILP). 将该模型应用于北京市海淀区城市生活垃圾管理规划,并在不同违反概率下进行求解分析. 结果表明:处理设施容量约束的违反概率越大,焚烧和堆肥在垃圾处理中所占比例越大,但系统成本并未随之增加. 提出了海淀区新的城市生活垃圾处理方案,即在现有填埋处理的基础上增加焚烧和堆肥2种处理设施,使城市生活垃圾流量逐渐由填埋转向焚烧和堆肥. 该模型的优化结果虽然会在一定程度上导致系统成本的增加,但是填埋场的寿命被有效延长,并且达到了减小环境污染的目的,从长远的角度看是可行的. 相似文献
168.
This article explores adaptive management (AM) for decision-making under environmental uncertainty. In the context of targeting invasive species inspections of agricultural imports, I find that risk aversion increases the relative value of AM and can increase the rate of exploratory action. While calls for AM in natural resource management are common, many analyses have identified modest gains from this approach. I analytically and numerically examine the distribution of outcomes from AM under risk neutrality and risk aversion. The inspection decision is framed as a multi-armed bandit problem and solved using the Lagrangian decomposition method. Results show that even when expected gains are modest, asymmetry in the distribution of outcomes has important implications. Notably, AM can serve to buffer against large losses, even if the most likely outcome is a small loss. 相似文献
169.
为了研究玻璃钢管道在原油输送过程中的结垢问题,通过搅拌实验的方法对玻璃钢管道内的结垢情况进行了模拟实验,并运用Origin8.0绘图软件拟合得到了基于油品温度、流量以及流动距离的玻璃钢管道原油输送结垢计算公式;采用VB6.0编程语言,对所研究的内容及公式进行编程,通过与新疆HK玻璃钢管线现场清管运行参数对比,对结垢计算公式进行了修正。结果表明:由该程序计算所得玻璃钢管线结垢量情况以及不同位置在不同流量下的结构速率与实验结果吻合,因此,所编程序计算结果能够有效地为玻璃钢管线现场清管周期的确定提供理论依据。 相似文献
170.
Samuel C. Nicol Iadine Chadès Simon Linke Hugh P. Possingham 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(21):2531-2536
When looking for the best course of management decisions to efficiently conserve metapopulation systems, a classic approach in the ecology literature is to model the optimisation problem as a Markov decision process and find an optimal control policy using exact stochastic dynamic programming techniques. Stochastic dynamic programming is an iterative procedure that seeks to optimise a value function at each timestep by evaluating the benefits of each of the actions in each state of the system defined in the Markov decision process.Although stochastic dynamic programming methods provide an optimal solution to conservation management questions in a stochastic world, their applicability in metapopulation problems has always been limited by the so-called curse of dimensionality. The curse of dimensionality is the problem that adding new state variables inevitably results in much larger (often exponential) increases in the size of the state space, which can make solving superficially small problems impossible. The high computational requirements of stochastic dynamic programming methods mean that only simple metapopulation management problems can be analysed. In this paper we overcome the complexity burden of exact stochastic dynamic programming methods and present the benefits of an on-line sparse sampling algorithm proposed by Kearns, Mansour and Ng (2002). The algorithm is particularly attractive for problems with large state spaces as the running time is independent of the size of the state space of the problem. This appealing improvement is achieved at a cost: the solutions found are no longer guaranteed to be optimal.We apply the algorithm of Kearns et al. (2002) to a hypothetical fish metapopulation problem where the management objective is to maximise the number of occupied patches over the management time horizon. Our model has multiple management options to combat the threats of water abstraction and waterhole sedimentation. We compare the performance of the optimal solution to the results of the on-line sparse sampling algorithm for a simple 3-waterhole case. We find that three look-ahead steps minimises the error between the optimal solution and the approximation algorithm. This paper introduces a new algorithm to conservation management that provides a way to avoid the effects of the curse of dimensionality. The work has the potential to allow us to approximate solutions to much more complex metapopulation management problems in the future. 相似文献