Developing inventory and monitoring programs based on multiple objectives

Resource inventory and monitoring (I&M) programs in national parks combine multiple objectives in order to create a plan of action over a finite time horizon. Because all program activities are constrained by time and money, it is critical to plan I&M activities that make the best use of available agency resources. However, multiple objectives complicate a relatively straightforward allocation process. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) offers a structure for multiobjective decision making so that decision-makers’ preferences can be formally incorporated in seeking potential solutions. Within the AHP, inventory and monitoring program objectives and decision criteria are organized into a hierarchy. Pairwise comparisons among decision elements at any level of the hierarchy provide a ratio scale ranking of those elements. The resulting priority values for all projects are used as each project’s contribution to the value of an overall I&M program. These priorities, along with budget and personnel constraints, are formulated as a zero/one integer programming problem that can be solved to select those projects that produce the best program. An extensive example illustrates how this approach is being applied to I&M projects in national parks in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The proposed planning process provides an analytical framework for multicriteria decisionmaking that is rational, consistent, explicit, and defensible.     

Optimal design for water conservation and energy savings using green roofs in a green building under mixed uncertainties

Most water conservation and energy saving strategies for residential homes and commercial buildings have higher initial capital investment than traditional ones. Yet, the added benefits of these “green” building strategies should outweigh the increase of initial capital cost at the end of the house lifetime. Using green roof systems to cool houses gives rise to uncertainties from local precipitation patterns and the unstable market related costs and benefits. The optimal area of green roof to balance cost, benefit, and risk remains unknown. To achieve such a complex systems analysis, a grey stochastic programming model was prepared to address the optimal design strategies under mixed uncertainties. Such a cost-benefit-risk trade-off model was formulated for this study through an optimization framework to retrieve the optimal design strategies with respect to a typical Florida residential home (shingle and metal roofs). It is particularly designed to synergistically integrate a green roof with beneficial reuse of gray water and stormwater while achieving some degree of energy savings. The study identifies the optimal green roof area that keeps within the cost of a conventional home over a specific life time, such as 50 years. Research findings show that as the reliability level associated with the chance constraint was decreased, the upper bound of the green roof area did not vary much for either shingle or metal roofs. The lower bound was found to decrease in the same situation, however, due to the higher minimum cost of the cistern in relation to the greater volume of expected rainfall, forcing the required green roof area to decrease.     

基于GA的感潮河流水污染控制多目标优化

文章针对感潮河流水质时空变化的特点,建立了污水处理费用函数、动态水质模型与NSGA-Ⅱ算法相耦合的流域水污染控制多目标优化方法。采用该方法对深圳河流域5个污水处理厂的污染物去除效率进行优化,得到流域污水处理费用与河流上、中、下游控制断面水质潮周期超标率的多目标解集排列图。结果表明:(1)所有控制断面水质超标率都小于50%、25%和0%时,最小处理费用分别为1.92、1.94和1.98亿元/a;(2)上、中、下游控制断面各自的水质超标率为0%时,最小处理费用分别为1.98、1.91和1.90亿元/a。决策者可根据水质管理要求和经济条件在多目标解集排列图中进行方案比选。该方法的应用可为感潮河流水污染控制提供科学依据。     

A stochastic fuzzy chance-constrained programming model for energy–environment system planning and management in the City of Beijing

A stochastic and fuzzy chance-constrained programming (SFCCP) model was developed in this study for supporting energy–environment management in the city of Beijing, China. SFCCP was capable of tackling the variables in constraints as fuzzy random variables, which were integration of randomness and vagueness. SFCCP was applied to an energy–environment management system in the city of Beijing. The study results indicated that SFCCP was useful in helping decision makers gain in-depth insights into proposed management system and establish environment-friendly energy allocation alternatives. The application of SFCCP is expected to provide a good demonstration to energy–environment management problems under complex uncertainties.     

Coupling a settlement growth model with an agro-economic land allocation model for securing ecosystem services provision

Mountain landscapes are undergoing rapid land-use changes. Settlement expansion, the intensification of agricultural land-use practices, and farmland abandonment result in a decline of natural and semi-natural habitats and the related ecosystem services (ES). In this context, spatial planning has emerged as a key instrument for the management of ES provision. To better understand trade-offs and interactions between settlement growth and ES provision in a spatially explicit manner, we present a new modeling framework coupling an agent-based, agro-economic optimization model and a cellular-automata-based settlement growth model. The framework is applied in an inner alpine valley in the Valais, Switzerland, which experienced rapid settlement growth in recent years. Results demonstrate how the model framework allows support of local planning processes. Particularly cooperation among municipalities and an explicit consideration of ES can inform spatially explicit ES trade-off decisions under increasing demand for land. We conclude that better informed spatial planning processes support ES provision.     

节能减排调控模型的系统仿真与目标优化

基于略阳县灾后恢复重建与振兴全县经济的需要和国家、陕西省有关节能减排战略部署的实情,对略阳经济发展现状和环境质量进行分析后,认为采取一定的调控措施,可实现协调灾后恢复重建地区经济与完成地区节能减排的目标。研究首先构建适合略阳县的节能减排系统动力学调控模型,通过选取产业结构调节系数和环保投资比重的不同组合,设定4种情景方案进行仿真,并对仿真结果进行目标优化,比选出较为适合的节能减排调控策略。研究认为,描述变量之间关系的方程和关键参数的确定对于系统动力学建模的质量至关重要,设定不同情景对模型进行仿真和目标优化可为定量决策和科学调控提供技术支撑。研究结果表明：在近期（2010~2012年）,采取激励主导工业发展与较高环保投入相结合的策略更有利于灾后略阳经济尽快恢复和发展,同时兼顾节能减排任务的完成;在中期（2013~2016年）和远期（2017~2020年）,采取主导工业平稳发展与较高环保投入相结合的策略更有利于全县按照循环经济发展模式,实现可持续健康协调发展。同时,研究结果还给出了备选方案和规避方案作为决策参考。     

二龙山水库上游小流域生态环境综合治理示范区研究

介绍了二龙山上游小流域中小梨树沟的生态环境综合治理情况,在现有治理成果的基础上,提出了该生态示范区更全面的治理规划(包括土地利用规划和治理措施规划),并且总结了治理措施的实施成果,在此基础上对示范区的综合治理进行了评价.      

GENETIC PROGRAMMING AND ITS APPLICATION IN REAL‐TIME RUNOFF FORECASTING1

ABSTRACT: Genetic programming (GP), a relatively new evolutionary technique, is demonstrated in this study to evolve codes for the solution of problems. First, a simple example in the area of symbolic regression is considered. GP is then applied to real‐time runoff forecasting for the Orgeval catchment in France. In this study, GP functions as an error updating scheme to complement a rainfall‐runoff model, MIKE11/NAM. Hourly runoff forecasts of different updating intervals are performed for forecast horizons of up to nine hours. The results show that the proposed updating scheme is able to predict the runoff quite accurately for all updating intervals considered and particularly for updating intervals not exceeding the time of concentration of the catchment. The results are also compared with those of an earlier study, by the World Meteorological Organization, in which autoregression and Kalman filter were used as the updating methods. Comparisons show that GP is a better updating tool for real‐time flow forecasting. Another important finding from this study is that nondimensionalizing the variables enhances the symbolic regression process significantly.     

流量可调节的河流污染控制规划

利用水利工程的调节功能,适当增大枯水季节河流流量,可改善水体环境质量,减少处理费用在建立流量可调节的河流污染控制规划模型中,考虑了流速和降解速率的改变以及不同河段流量放大倍数的差别。约束条件以幂函数连乘之和的形式逼近,并应用Avriel-Williams法构造正定几何规划的数学模型。算例表明,迭代是收敛的,规划模型对于条件的变化有灵敏的反应性能。     

兼顾公平与效率的无人机应急中继通信选址优化问题

为提高应急救援中无人机应急中继通信资源配置的公平与效率,在考虑无人机中继通信覆盖范围限制、各受灾用户集群点分布情况、受灾群众公平性感知的基础上,构建以最大化系统吞吐量为效率目标、最小化受灾群众公平损失值为公平目标的无人机应急中继通信选址多目标0-1非线性整数规划模型,采用基于k-means的模拟退火算法对其进行求解,并以实际案例为背景构造算例,验证本文提出模型和算法的可行性与有效性,并进行多目标分析及参数敏感性分析。研究结果表明：本文提出的模型和算法能在较短时间得到无人机应急中继通信选址方案,保证所有受灾用户集群点获得通信中继;同时,确定最佳无人机设备数量,验证公平目标与效率目标存在悖反关系。