高活性絮凝剂产生菌群的构建、培养及应用研究

从筛选到的絮凝剂产生菌中构建出能比单一菌群产生更高絮凝活性的复合菌群——复合菌群1（BAFRT4＋CYGS1）．为降低复合菌群1的培养成本,尝试用啤酒废水替代葡萄糖作为培养基中的碳源和能源并获得成功．在优化培养条件下,复合菌群1所产MBF的絮凝活性达96.8％．复合菌群1所产MBF对靛蓝印染废水有良好的处理效果,最大CODCr去除率和脱色率分别达79．2％和87．6％．     

无定河及延河流域不同时空尺度下土地利用对水质的影响

为探究不同土地利用格局的流域在不同时空尺度下土地利用与水质之间的关系,以无定河和延河两流域为研究对象,基于2020年土地利用数据和两个时期的水质监测数据,采用冗余分析方法定量探讨多个尺度上土地利用对水质的影响.结果表明：①两流域内主要土地利用类型均为耕地和草地,差异主要在裸地和林地面积占比上;②两流域内部分水质指标存在明显时空差异,春季水质优于秋季且中下游水质相对较差;③两流域河岸尺度上的土地利用对总体水质的解释率最大;④无定河流域土地利用在秋季对水质影响比春季更显著,延河流域呈相反趋势;⑤不同的土地利用对水质有不同的影响,无定河流域内裸地、耕地和香农多样性指数（SHDI）对水质影响较为显著,延河流域则为草地、耕地、人造地表、斑块密度（PD）和SHDI.无定河流域内耕地和人造地表对水质有负面影响,草地和裸地与大部分化学指标呈现负相关性;延河流域人造地表和草地对水质有负面影响,林地对水质有明显净化效果.研究结果为可持续土地利用和多尺度景观规划提供了重要信息,可用于改善水质.     

水中色度测定的研究

针对目视比色法色度测定不足之处,利用分光光度法进行改进.(1)在天然水的测定中,研究了以往的380nm作最大吸收波长测吸光度方法的问题.寻找到最佳波长455nm,吸收池5cm测定天然水吸光度A.(2)在5～400℃测定温度对吸光度无影响,溶液浊度、pH值对吸光度测定的影响呈线性关系.(3)在工业废水的测定中,先扫描出其最大吸收波长,以仪器检测限吸光度0.010为稀释终点.改进废水稀释倍数法.     

室内甲醛污染影响因素的多元回归分析

本文在室内甲醛质量守恒定律基本公式合理推导的基础上,对影响甲醛浓度的主要因素做了正交实验。对实验数据进行多元回归分析,建立室内甲醛浓度预测模型。对模型做检验,检验结果表明,本文的预测模型能较好地预测室内空气中的甲醛浓度。     

多元竞争体系下的微界面动力学响应机理研究——以细颗粒泥沙吸附多元重金属离子铅、铜和镉为例

研究微界面动力学响应机理能更好地了解动力学扩散模式的内在机制.通过竞争吸附实验,采用微界面作用模式识别多元重金属离子铅、铜和镉在泥沙颗粒上的扩散模式,探究多元重金属离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化规律,剖析多元竞争体系下的微界面动力学响应机理.结果显示,10 min前,多元竞争体系下离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化较大,为快速吸附阶段,与扩散速率较大的膜扩散过程对应.10 min后,离子的液相浓度波动变化,吸附速率变化呈“N型”、“倒N型”、“W型”和“倒W型”特征,吸附解吸交替进行,不同竞争体系离子的液相浓度和吸附速率变化不同,进入孔隙的时间存在差异,此阶段为膜扩散和颗粒内扩散并存,不同竞争体系的离子的颗粒内扩散时间不一致.60 min后, 离子的液相浓度较稳定和吸附速率较小,微界面作用趋于稳定,为扩散速率较小的颗粒内扩散阶段.研究结果可为多元竞争体系的微观界面动力学响应机理提供理论支撑.     

基于碳储量最大化的流域多目标土地利用分区优化模拟—以广西西江清水河为例

土地利用变化是影响碳固存变化的重要因素,土地利用优化对实现区域碳平衡具有重要作用。以广西西江清水河流域为研究对象,基于2000年、2010年和2020年土地利用数据,通过FLUS-InVEST耦合模型预测2060年清水河流域4种模拟情景（基线情景、耕地保护情景、水域保护情景、高碳储用地保护情景）下土地利用变化与碳储量的时空发展特征;针对高、中、低碳储能力等级区域适宜发展的方向,构建基于碳储量最大化的灰色线性规划模型,优化土地利用数量结构并运用FLUS模型模拟土地利用空间布局;利用Fragstats软件分析流域上、中、下游区域不同土地利用类型的形态格局,探讨其与碳储量的相关性并提出相应的优化策略。结果表明：1）4种模拟情景下,2060年流域碳储量仅在高碳储用地保护情景下稳定提升,其他3种情景都大幅下降;2）基于优化方案,2060年流域内林地、湿地和水域面积增加,建设用地面积稳定增长,草地、耕地面积相对减少且连片耕地保持不变,流域整体碳储量增长达1.32×10⁶ t;3）流域土地利用形态格局影响碳储量,且不同流段存在空间异质性,整体上斑块呈现复杂不规则的形态和较高的聚集度、连接度,有利于提高区域整体碳储量。优化策略能更好地满足流域不同区域的发展需求并统筹流域整体发展,增加流域碳储量的同时推动总体效益最优化。

     

A framework for allocating conservation resources among multiple threats and actions

Land managers decide how to allocate resources among multiple threats that can be addressed through multiple possible actions. Additionally, these actions vary in feasibility, effectiveness, and cost. We sought to provide a way to optimize resource allocation to address multiple threats when multiple management options are available, including mutually exclusive options. Formulating the decision as a combinatorial optimization problem, our framework takes as inputs the expected impact and cost of each threat for each action (including do nothing) and for each overall budget identifies the optimal action to take for each threat. We compared the optimal solution to an easy to calculate greedy algorithm approximation and a variety of plausible ranking schemes. We applied the framework to management of multiple introduced plant species in Australian alpine areas. We developed a model of invasion to predict the expected impact in 50 years for each species-action combination that accounted for each species’ current invasion state (absent, localized, widespread); arrival probability; spread rate; impact, if present, of each species; and management effectiveness of each species-action combination. We found that the recommended action for a threat changed with budget; there was no single optimal management action for each species; and considering more than one candidate action can substantially increase the management plan's overall efficiency. The approximate solution (solution ranked by marginal cost-effectiveness) performed well when the budget matched the cost of the prioritized actions, indicating that this approach would be effective if the budget was set as part of the prioritization process. The ranking schemes varied in performance, and achieving a close to optimal solution was not guaranteed. Global sensitivity analysis revealed a threat's expected impact and, to a lesser extent, management effectiveness were the most influential parameters, emphasizing the need to focus research and monitoring efforts on their quantification.     

电极移动速度效应检测仪系统的研究

分析了国际静电放电测试研究领域现有的各种测试研究装置特点,为克服已有测试装置缺陷本团队研发设计出一种全新的静电放电测试研究系统—电极移动速度效应检测仪。对其结构设计特点、功能进行了分析。我们研制的新型静电放电测试系统兼具实现真实直线运动准确调节和多环境因素可控的优点,彻底解决了困扰国际电磁兼容静电放电研究领域电极需高速向靶移动放电与避免强烈撞击损坏仪器的难题,实现了对多种因素影响逐一准确控制,为静电放电性质更为深入广泛的研究提供了新的手段和平台。     

“We cannot let this happen again”: reversing UK flood policy in response to the Somerset Levels floods, 2014

The Multiple Streams Framework offers a theoretical account of how policy proposals move from latent possibilities to becoming favored for implementation. We apply this framework in the context of the policy response to the 2013–2014 flooding of the Somerset Levels and Moors. Stakeholder interviews and analysis of news media coverage evidence the way in which a specific policy option that had fallen out of favor with the national Environment Agency – dredging – came to the fore and was eventually adopted during the period in which the conjunction of problem, policy, and political pressures came to a head. Local political activists mobilized a wider campaign with the help of social media and capitalized on national political sensitivities to successfully promote dredging. What is less clear is the longevity of the policy reversal, given funding constraints.     

THE CENTRAL ARIZONA WATER CONTROL STUDY: A COMPARISON OF ALTERNATE PLANS USING CONCORDANCE ANALYSIS AND MULTI-DIMENSION SCALING1

ABSTRACT The Central Arizona Water Control Study (CAWCS) was initiated by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1978. The study attempted to identify and evaluate alternate water management schemes for Central Arizona. By 1981 a set of seven plans had been developed and for each an assessment on a number of economic, environmental, and social factors had been undertaken. This paper offers a formal procedure, using concordance analysis and multi-dimension scaling, to compare alternate plans using multiple factors in order to produce a classification of the attractiveness of the alternatives. Empirical data for the CAWCS are used to clarify the procedure. The results of the formal analysis are compared to those produced by the CAWCS. A critique of the formal procedure is offered, and it is suggested that it may have utility to assist in the collection of data as well as in the search for a best plan. The procedure allows a number of different types of sensitivity tests to be conducted.