基于韧性理念的海岸带生态修复规划方法及应用

生态修复是海岸带空间规划的重要组成部分,而韧性理念中有关规划—吸收—恢复—适应的演化规律对于海岸带生态修复具有重要的指导意义。以沙化较为典型的海南木兰湾海岸带区域为例,开展海岸带国土空间生态修复规划的方法及应用研究,基于沙化脆弱性和生态系统服务的空间耦合分析划分不同类型空间,并分区制定生态修复规划方案。研究结果表明:(1)沙化脆弱性高的区域主要是旱地和沙地,面积达21.8%,生态系统服务高的区域主要是林地、水域、湿地,面积达67.5%。(2)重建修复区主要位于鱼塘、旱地一带,占总面积的16.4%;人工辅助修复区主要位于旱地以及迎风面一带,面积达5.5%;适度开发区多为基本完全沙化区域,面积为15.8%。相关评估结果和生态修复规划方案能够揭示生态系统各关键因子之间的胁迫—响应机理,为海岸带沙化区域的生态修复及恢复提供科学支撑。     

景观规划与管理及其相关领域研究的新进展

景观规划与管理是景观生态学应用研究的热点,是以景观异质性和景观功能的定量研究为基础,以3S和模型模拟方法为技术支撑的综合性应用领域,它是沟通景观生态学理论研究和实践运用的桥梁。景观规划与管理和景观结构、景观功能与景观动态以及景观尺度、景观过程及景观格局等具有密切的联系,上述方面的相关理论与方法,共同支撑着景观规划与管理的客观实践。景观异质性是景观规划与管理的重要理论基础,景观功能是景观规划与管理的现实目标,景观生态研究方法是景观规划与景观管理的技术保障。20世纪90年代以来,随着学科的交叉与融合,景观规划与管理领域取得了一系列新进展,主要表现在理论、方法和应用方面的研究愈加广泛和深入,景观规划与管理方式也越来越智能化与人性化;景观规划管理的发展也在一定程度上推动了景观异质性、景观功能和景观研究方法的发展。目前,相关学科方法和技术的交叉融合成为研究景观规划与管理的重要趋势,3S和模型交叉融合促进景观规划与管理方法向着多元化、数字化和可视化发展。随着景观规划管理现实应用领域的拓展,景观异质性和景观功能在理论、方法、应用方面的研究进一步深化。     

从大气环境影响角度探讨城市总体规划布局合理性

通过对城市总体规划热源、电源废气排放对城市大气环境影响的定量预测,工业用地其它废气可能对居住用地产生的大气环境影响的定性分析研究,从大气环境影响角度,提出城市规划布局建议。     

MEETING PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS WITH ECOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN RIPARIAN LANDSCAPES1

ABSTRACT: Appearances matter for managing riparian landscapes because the appearance of landscapes affects public willingness to accept plans and designs that improve ecological quality. Riparian landscape design and planning should respect and strategically incorporate characteristics that the public values and expects to see. Such design can be quite novel in its ecological effects, but it also should be sufficiently familiar in appearance to correspond with cultural values. This paper describes some influential cultural values for riparian landscapes and demonstrates how attention to such values supports public acceptance of ecologically innovative design in rural and urban watersheds.     

南海生态工业园区的生态规划

南海生态工业园区的生态规划 ,以循环经济理论和工业生态学原理为指导 ,通过园区的景观生态规划、工业生态系统规划和生态管理规划等措施 ,达到构建可持续性工业园区、发展生态工业的目的     

Integrating disaster risk reduction in national development planning: experience and challenges of Jamaica

It is generally recognised by the disaster risk management and development communities that disasters have a negative impact on development, and indeed can set back development by years. This realisation led to a new paradigm for the management of hazards and their impacts, namely an integrated approach which emphasises disaster risk reduction being incorporated into national development planning. Awareness, however, does not necessarily translate into implementation. ‘Reduce the underlying risk factors’, Priority for Action 4 of The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015, reported the lowest average score for progress of the five priority areas. Challenges to progress, as reported by Governments included inappropriate development practices, high levels of poverty and other factors which increase vulnerability. Various authors have recognised the difficulty of consistently and successfully integrating disaster risk reduction into development planning. This integration is particularly challenging for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) which face high exposure to hazards, vulnerable populations and limited resources, often both human and financial. The efforts of Jamaica, a Caribbean SIDS, at integrating disaster risk reduction into national development, and some factors which proved to be important in making progress are presented here. This retrospective paper is written from the perspective of a participant observer and traces developments in disaster risk management over three decades, 1980–2010. Integration and inclusiveness, use of quantitative methods and application of risk assessments are identified as being important in gaining acceptance for disaster risk reduction.     

Fish Assemblage Responses to Water Withdrawals and Water Supply Reservoirs in Piedmont Streams

Understanding effects of flow alteration on stream biota is essential to developing ecologically sustainable water supply strategies. We evaluated effects of altering flows via surface water withdrawals and instream reservoirs on stream fish assemblages, and compared effects with other hypothesized drivers of species richness and assemblage composition. We sampled fishes during three years in 28 streams used for municipal water supply in the Piedmont region of Georgia, U.S.A. Study sites had permitted average withdrawal rates that ranged from < 0.05 to > 13 times the stream’s seven-day, ten-year recurrence low flow (7Q10), and were located directly downstream either from a water supply reservoir or from a withdrawal taken from an unimpounded stream. Ordination analysis of catch data showed a shift in assemblage composition at reservoir sites corresponding to dominance by habitat generalist species. Richness of fluvial specialists averaged about 3 fewer species downstream from reservoirs, and also declined as permitted withdrawal rate increased above about 0.5 to one 7Q10-equivalent of water. Reservoir presence and withdrawal rate, along with drainage area, accounted for 70% of the among-site variance in fluvial specialist richness and were better predictor variables than percent of the catchment in urban land use or average streambed sediment size. Increasing withdrawal rate also increased the odds that a site’s Index of Biotic Integrity score fell below a regulatory threshold indicating biological impairment. Estimates of reservoir and withdrawal effects on stream biota could be used in predictive landscape models to support adaptive water supply planning intended to meet societal needs while conserving biological resources.     

基于风险的石油化工园区安全规划研究

为解决石油化工园区目前以标准规范规定的距离进行区域规划存在的局限性,提出基于风险进行石油化工园区安全规划的技术思路;研究、建立石油化工园区定量风险评估和区域规划技术方案,包括:危险源的辨识、评估单元选择、事故类型筛选、不同目标的风险标准、园区累积风险计算和基于风险进行区域规划的基本原则;应用建立的定量风险评估区域规划技术方案,对一石油化工园区光气及光气化产品项目进行定量风险评估、区域规划和布局,并与目前执行的距离标准进行对比分析。基于风险的石油化工园区安全规划,综合考虑危险源的危险特性和不同目标的风险承受能力,较之于距离法具有更强的针对性。     

城市机动车尾气污染控制的综合对策体系研究

在综述城市机动车尾气污染的已有对策基础上，阐述了包括规划层次、管理层次、工程层次和车辆层次在内的综合对策体系，并就国内不同阶段所侧重的对策层次进行了探讨。     

突发性大气污染监测与预报技术集成移动平台

为应对突发性大气污染事故科学决策和规范处置的需要,在国家“863”课题“突发性大气污染事件模拟与风险控制技术”资助下,我国首个突发性大气污染监测与预报技术集成(IMF)移动平台研发成功.2010年7月5日至8月6日在北京市阳坊地区的综合外场实验表明, IMF移动平台从燃油燃烧事故监测至应急预案发布需时约5min.采用逐次偏差订正法,有效改进了气象预报场,实验中近地面黑碳预报最大浓度较合理.