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61.
62.
《环境科学学报(英文版)》2024,36(2):95-109
Nowadays, a large number of compounds with different physical and chemical properties have been determined in soil. Environmental behaviors and source identification of pollutants in soil are the foundation of soil pollution control. Identification and quantitative analysis of potential pollution sources are the prerequisites for its prevention and control. Many efforts have made to develop methods for identifying the sources of soil pollutants. These efforts have involved the measurement of source and receptor parameters and the analysis of their relationships via numerical statistics methods. We have comprehensively reviewed the progress made in the development of source apportionment methodologies to date and present our synthesis. The numerical methods, such as spatial geostatistics analysis, receptor models, and machine learning methods are addressed in depth. In most cases, however, the effectiveness of any single approach for source apportionment remains limited. Combining multiple methods to address soil quality problems can reduce uncertainty about the sources of soil pollution. This review also constructively highlights the key strategies of combining mathematical models with the assessment of chemical profiles to provide more accurate source attribution. This review intends to provide a comprehensive summary of source apportionment methodologies to help promote further development. 相似文献
63.
风浪引起沉积物再悬浮会直接影响水体光照条件,促进沉积物中污染物的释放,对湖泊生态系统的构建产生着重要影响。采用已发表数据验证了风浪要素和风浪切应力经验计算公式在浅水湖泊中的适应性,并从浅水湖泊风浪扰动机理出发,提出了临界起动应力简化计算方法和适用条件并加以验证。最后,基于简化模型和风致再悬浮影响评估方法研究了风浪对金湖水生态修复的影响,结合生态围隔、综合底质改良剂和复合微生物菌剂等综合措施,恢复金湖沉水植物150万m2。研究结果可用于评估风浪对浅水湖泊沉积物再悬浮的影响,为浅水湖泊水生态修复、内源污染治理工程设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
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Multivariate receptor models aim to identify the pollution sources based on multivariate air pollution data. This article is concerned with estimation of the source profiles (pollution recipes) and their contributions (amounts of pollution). The estimation procedures are based on constrained nonlinear least squares methods with the constraints given by nonnegativity and identifiability conditions of the model parameters. We investigate several identifiability conditions that are appropriate in the context of receptor models, and also present new sets of identifiability conditions, which are often reasonable in practice when the other traditional identifiability conditions fail. The resulting estimators are consistent under appropriate identifiability conditions, and standard errors for the estimators are also provided. Simulation and application to real air pollution data illustrate the results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
67.
Outliers can have a large influence on the model fitted to data. The models we consider are the transformation of data to approximate normality and also discriminant analysis, perhaps on transformed observations. If there are only one or a few outliers, they may often be detected by the deletion methods associated with regression diagnostics. These can be thought of as ‘backwards’ methods, as they start from a model fitted to all the data. However such methods become cumbersome, and may fail, in the presence of multiple outliers. We instead consider a ‘forward’ procedure in which very robust methods, such as least median of squares, are used to select a small, outlier free, subset of the data. This subset is increased in size using a search which avoids the inclusion of outliers. During the forward search we monitor quantities of interest, such as score statistics for transformation or, in discriminant analysis, misclassification probabilities. Examples demonstrate how the method very clearly reveals structure in the data and finds influential observations, which appear towards the end of the search. In our examples these influential observations can readily be related to patterns in the original data, perhaps after transformation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
68.
1 ＢａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄＩｎｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ ,ｖａｒｉｏｕｓｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｗｉｔｈａｄｖｅｒｓｅｉｍｐａｃｔｓ (ｅ .ｇ .,ｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙ ,ｍｕｔａｇｅｎｉｃｉｔｙａｎｄｌｅｔｈａｌｉｔｙ)ａｒｅｕｓｕａｌｌｙａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｈｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ,ｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｌｙｃｌａｙｍｉｎｅｒａｌｓ .Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ ,ｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｕｓｉｎ… 相似文献
69.
Annika Porsborg Nielsen Jesper Lassen Peter Sandøe 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):13-35
Over recent decades, public participation in technology assessment has spread internationally as an attempt to overcome or
prevent societal conflicts over controversial technologies. One outcome of this new surge in public consultation initiatives
has been the increased use of participatory consensus conferences in a number of countries. Existing evaluations of consensus
conferences tend to focus on the modes of organization, as well as the outcomes, both procedural and substantial, of the conferences
they examine. Such evaluations seem to rest on the assumption that this type of procedure has universally agreed goals and
meanings, and that therefore consensus conferences can readily be interpreted and applied across national boundaries. This
article challenges this approach to consensus conferences. The core of the article is a study of national differences in ideas
about what constitutes legitimate goals for participatory arrangements. The study looks at three consensus conferences on
GMOs, which took place in France, Norway, and Denmark. Drawing on this study, the article discusses the ways in which interpretations
of the concept of participation; the value attributed to lay knowledge vs. technical expertise; as well as ideas about the
role of the layperson, are all questions that prompt entirely different answers from country to country. Further, the article
analyses these national differences within a theoretical framework of notions of democratic legitimacy. 相似文献
70.
Resat Kasap 《Environmetrics》1999,10(5):625-631
In the study of multivariate processes, a framework is needed for describing not only the properties of individual series, but also the possible cross‐relationship among the series. For this purpose, the method of canonical correlation analysis is used for treatment of multivariate time series which results in scalar component models (SCMs) already given by Tiao and Tsay (1989, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 1 , 43–56). For the application of this methodology, temperature data are used which led to some useful empirical results. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献