广州市生态风险重点及其防范策略

为了构建更适宜居住生活、更适宜创业发展的山水田园型生态城市，为实现城市可持续发展的总目标，广州市必须系统而有重点地防范生态风险，解决制约广州城市发展的重点和潜在的战略生态问题，保障城市生态安全。本文着重探讨了广州城市发展中的台风、暴雨、洪涝、临海重工业的发展布局与近岸海域生态系统的保护、饮用水保障与水环境质量、机动车尾气污染与大气环境质量等重点生态环境问题及其防范策略。     

Geopolitics of global climate change and energy security

Currently,the problem of climate change is already far beyond the category of scientific research,and it affects the economic operation mode,interests pattern,and geographical relationships and becomes the focus of global governance.During the transition period of the international economic and social development and the critical transformation period of the world geopolitical pattern reorganization,China’s industrialization is still at the intermediate stage,and tackling with climate change is also China’s internal demand under this development stage.With more influence of climate change on national competitiveness,climate change and geopolitics present complex multiple relations,and climate change in the era of geopolitical landscape gradually affected the national strategy and diplomacy.This article offered some relevant suggestions based on evaluating the new geopolitical characteristics of climate change:(1)weighing of interests and properly handling the complex relations among major powers during international climate negotiations;(2)strengthening risk judgments and actively cooperating with the United States and the European Union on energy and climate change;(3)relying on the"One Belt(Silk Road Economic Belt)and One Road(twenty-first century Maritime Silk Road)"to ensure China’s energy security and actively participating in the global energy governance;(4)strengthening the"south-south cooperation"mechanism innovation and increasing the investment.     

软泥夹层对香港软土场地地震反应的影响

选择了香港有代表性的８个典型场地,通过钻探、现场剪切波速测量和土样动力实验建立了场地的分析模型,用２１次地震的１２８条基岩地震动记录作为,计算了场地土层地震反应,结果表明,对带海泥软夹层的砂质回填土场地,地震动的长周期分量（１．２～１．５s）被显著放大了,现有抗震规范的设计反应谱不能反映这类场地的反应特性,基于计算结果,提出了分别适合有、无软夹层场地的归－化设计反应谱。     

重庆某工业园土壤重金属污染特征、风险及源解析

以重庆市某工业园区表层土壤为研究对象,探讨了土壤重金属在不同季节的污染特征,利用污染指数法、健康风险模型和主成分/绝对主成分得分受体模型进行风险评价和源分析。结果表明:不同季节土壤样品间各重金属含量差异显著。35.5%的样品中汞含量超出土壤污染风险筛选值,其他元素未超标。与土壤背景值相比,各元素表现出不同程度的富集,汞超标约110~1300倍。内梅罗指数显示土壤整体和汞元素处于轻度污染及以下,其他元素为安全。潜在生态危害指数显示,土壤整体和汞属于极强污染,镉属于轻微~强污染,其他元素为轻微污染。土壤重金属总致癌风险为2.6×10^-7~1.0×10^-5,总非致癌风险熵均小于1,砷存在致癌风险,主要通过经口摄入暴露。秋季中,汞、六价铬、铅、镍、砷和铜来自工业源,镉主要来源于自然成因。春季中,镉和铅来自交通、冶金和燃煤等排放,镍、砷和铜源于冶炼和金属表面处理等排放,汞主要来自化工生产和燃料燃烧。交通运输、工业生产和燃料燃烧等污染的排放是土壤重金属的主要来源,今后应加强园区内汞、砷和镉的源头减排和治理。     

基于旅游生态足迹的神农架国家公园可持续性管理研究

国家公园在保护生态系统原真性和完整性的同时,兼具游憩功能。以神农架国家公园为例,研究国家公园开展游憩活动对生态环境的影响,通过发放问卷和实地调查获取数据,基于旅游生态足迹模型计算其旅游交通、旅游餐饮、旅游住宿、旅游购物与娱乐生态足迹及总旅游生态足迹,分析游客旅游活动对国家公园生态环境的影响。结果表明:2017年神农架国家公园旅游交通、旅游餐饮、旅游住宿、旅游购物与娱乐生态足迹分别为1 539.344、14 786.580、4 991.900和48.431 hm²,总旅游生态足迹为22 883.200 hm²,人均旅游生态足迹为9.614×10^-3 hm²/人;对旅游生态足迹贡献较大的活动是餐饮和住宿,其占比分别为64.62%和21.81%。建议神农架国家公园主要针对旅游餐饮和住宿2个方面进行管理,并提出使用低能耗交通工具,提高住宿、餐饮等各类资源利用率,增加国家公园内各景区间的客运车次,推广国家公园相关环境保护知识的宣传教育等具体管理措施。     

基于景观生态学的湿地公园空间优化配置方案——以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例

空间分布格局是影响城市湿地公园生态功能的重要因素。以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例,依据格局—过程—功能完整性的优化理念,通过景观结构优化、景观过程调控、景观空间配置,获得研究区空间优化配置方案,促使研究区功能的提升。结果表明:研究区可划分成2个一级功能区和9个二级功能单元;通过水文流通过程、水文循环过程优化调控,使研究区水面面积增加0.68 km ²;综合空间格局优化及水文过程调控结果,提出包含斑块配置、廊道配置的空间优化配置方案,优化配置后使研究区斑块数增加924块,湿地面积增加146.51%,水质净化、物种保育及观赏与教育功能均得到较大的提升。     

化工园区爆炸事故高苯胺河水脱毒预处理技术比较与应用

江苏某化工园区发生爆炸,造成周边河道积聚大量高苯胺河水,该类受污染河水具有较高的活性污泥抑制性,需在进入园区污水处理厂应急处理前进行脱毒预处理。研究对比了芬顿氧化法、活性炭吸附法和生物处理法对受污染河水的预处理效果。结果表明,芬顿氧化法处理效率较高、运行成本中等,且现场处理设施易于改造利用,最终被选为高苯胺河水的脱毒预处理工艺。实际应急处置工程运行效果表明,芬顿氧化预处理实现了重污染河水中苯胺类的有效去除,在苯胺类浓度为30~90 mg/L的情况下,批次出水苯胺类浓度基本稳定在1 mg/L以下,保证了园区污水处理厂的稳定运行,最终实现其出水达标。     

Beyond the community: integrating local and scientific knowledge in the formal development approval process in Jamaica

Community-based disaster risk management methods routinely include capture of local knowledge which is used to inform community-level risk reduction programmes and development plans. In Jamaica, development planning at the national level has relied historically on scientific knowledge, usually to the exclusion of local knowledge. However, community disaster risk management plans reviewed for this paper show that communities have very clear ideas on the threat posed by hazards, resources at risk from the hazards and ways of reducing the risk. Communities also appreciate the value of cultural and historical sites and are willing to sacrifice development in order to protect and preserve these sites. Such knowledge is valuable for informing risk-sensitive development planning, and should be captured within the formal development approval system. A model is proposed in which community and scientific knowledge can be integrated into the formal development approval process at the national level. The model includes integrating community representatives in technical committee reviews, capturing local knowledge through community consultations and subjecting community knowledge to validation prior to its use. Successful implementation of this model should result in more accurate field assessments for risk-sensitive development planning as local knowledge provides current, site-specific information. Better risk-sensitive development planning will ultimately lead to reduced exposure to hazards and reduction in losses from the impact of hazards for Jamaica.     

Economic Growth and Marine Biodiversity: Influence of Human Social Structure on Decline of Marine Trophic Levels

Abstract:  We assessed the effects of economic growth, urbanization, and human population size on marine biodiversity. We used the mean trophic level (MTL) of marine catch as an indicator of marine biodiversity and conducted cross-national time-series analyses (1960–2003) of 102 nations to investigate human social influences on fish catch and trends in MTL. We constructed path models to examine direct and indirect effects relating to marine catch and MTL. Nations' MTLs declined with increased economic growth, increased urbanization, and increased population size, in part because of associated increased catch. These findings contradict the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, which claims that economic modernization will reduce human impact on the environment. To make informed decisions on issues of marine resource management, policy makers, nonprofit entities, and professional societies must recognize the need to include social analyses in overall conservation-research strategies. The challenge is to utilize the socioeconomic and ecological research in the service of a comprehensive marine-conservation movement.     

基于后果的土地利用安全规划方法在化工园区的应用

土地利用安全规划是预防和控制重大工业事故的重要手段,本文讨论国外常见重大危险源土地利用规划的三种方法,给出一个基于后果的土地利用安全规划的方法。提出火灾、爆炸和毒物泄漏等事故场景下的伤害阈值标准并以此进行事故后果伤害分区,给出脆弱性目标的分级原则,最终给出土地利用安全规划的判断准则。以南方某化工园区为实例应用此方法进行分析研究。本方法可应用于重大危险源或化工园区的安全规划、安全评价以及应急规划等工作。