Beyond the community: integrating local and scientific knowledge in the formal development approval process in Jamaica

Community-based disaster risk management methods routinely include capture of local knowledge which is used to inform community-level risk reduction programmes and development plans. In Jamaica, development planning at the national level has relied historically on scientific knowledge, usually to the exclusion of local knowledge. However, community disaster risk management plans reviewed for this paper show that communities have very clear ideas on the threat posed by hazards, resources at risk from the hazards and ways of reducing the risk. Communities also appreciate the value of cultural and historical sites and are willing to sacrifice development in order to protect and preserve these sites. Such knowledge is valuable for informing risk-sensitive development planning, and should be captured within the formal development approval system. A model is proposed in which community and scientific knowledge can be integrated into the formal development approval process at the national level. The model includes integrating community representatives in technical committee reviews, capturing local knowledge through community consultations and subjecting community knowledge to validation prior to its use. Successful implementation of this model should result in more accurate field assessments for risk-sensitive development planning as local knowledge provides current, site-specific information. Better risk-sensitive development planning will ultimately lead to reduced exposure to hazards and reduction in losses from the impact of hazards for Jamaica.     

国家历史文化名城地区农业与水文地质的关系

国家历史文化名城地区记录了华夏农耕文明更多的生活经验,论文以这些城市地区为研究对象,通过在全国尺度选取典型群体110 个国家历史文化名城地区为样本,并定义农业水文地质适宜度指标,对各类水文地质与农业活动的空间关系进行了量化。从研究结果来看：各富水程度的松散岩类孔隙含水岩组是农业适宜性较强的水文地质类型;碳酸盐岩类含水岩组的农业适宜性也较强;而岩浆岩类含水岩组以及变质岩类含水岩组等则是农业适宜性较弱的水文地质类型,其中松散岩类孔隙含水岩组的农业水文地质适宜度是岩浆岩类含水岩组以及变质岩类含水岩组的2~3 倍。     

Exploring human–nature interactions in national parks with social media photographs and computer vision

Understanding the activities and preferences of visitors is crucial for managing protected areas and planning conservation strategies. Conservation culturomics promotes the use of user-generated online content in conservation science. Geotagged social media content is a unique source of in situ information on human presence and activities in nature. Photographs posted on social media platforms are a promising source of information, but analyzing large volumes of photographs manually remains laborious. We examined the application of state-of-the-art computer-vision methods to studying human–nature interactions. We used semantic clustering, scene classification, and object detection to automatically analyze photographs taken in Finnish national parks by domestic and international visitors. Our results showed that human–nature interactions can be extracted from user-generated photographs with computer vision. The different methods complemented each other by revealing broad visual themes related to level of the data set, landscape photogeneity, and human activities. Geotagged photographs revealed distinct regional profiles for national parks (e.g., preferences in landscapes and activities), which are potentially useful in park management. Photographic content differed between domestic and international visitors, which indicates differences in activities and preferences. Information extracted automatically from photographs can help identify preferences among diverse visitor groups, which can be used to create profiles of national parks for conservation marketing and to support conservation strategies that rely on public acceptance. The application of computer-vision methods to automatic content analysis of photographs should be explored further in conservation culturomics, particularly in combination with rich metadata available on social media platforms.     

国家公园分区管控的实践总结与制度进阶

分区管控是实现国家公园严格保护与合理利用双重目的的基础制度,也是保障原住居民发展权益的有效途径。梳理总结各试点公园的分区管控制度,本文发现存在实体规范各行其是、程序规范先天不足、责任规范流于形式的问题,难以实现保护优先、兼顾利用之间的关系。国家公园法应统一分区标准,采取二阶结构的分区管控制度,首先以世界自然保护联盟提出的"三圈层"模式划分严格保护区、缓冲区、一般控制区,进而将一般控制区划分为游憩展示区和传统利用区,并将生态保育修复区作为特别的"动态分区"。同时,提高国家公园规划及变更的审批权限并完善分区管控的法律责任,以实现实质的差别化管控和严格规范的管理。     

“Guardianship” and the “Rural Workshop”—The First Quarter-century of U.K. Experience in Nature Conservation

In the U.K., the Countryside Act of 1968 represented the first “updating” of the pioneering National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act of 1949. Through the archival material that survives for the Ministry of Agriculture and Nature Conservancy, the paper commemorates that first quarter-century of post-war adjustment to the needs of farming and wildlife conservation. It does so through a case study of the documented discussion, both inter-agency and within separate counsels, of whether agricultural improvement grants should be paid for land scheduled as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). The post-war assumptions of both parties were shattered by clashes over the SSSIs of Cavenham Heath (Suffolk) and Waddingham Common (Lincolnshire). Characterized as a “cold” war, there was a point beyond which antipathy served no one's interests. Fully aware of the options available to policy-makers, both parties recognized the Countryside Bill as an opportunity to obtain greater protection for SSSIs without prejudicing the larger notions of guardianship of the rural resource and the importance that continued to be given to the countryside as the farmer's “workshop”.     

青海省国家地质公园建设思考

国家地质公园是重要的自然资源和旅游资源，目前青海省已建立了4家国家地质公园。结合青海省实际，在分析青海省国家地质公园建设现状的基础上，讨论了国家地质公园建设中目前面临的一些问题，提出了相应的建议及对策。     

安徽省国家地质公园建设问题及对策探讨

安徽省地质资源丰富,地质遗迹众多,2002年至今共有7处地质遗迹被评定为国家地质公园。简要介绍了地质公园建设的意义以及安徽省7处国家地质公园的基本情况,分析了安徽国家地质公园建设过程中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策。     

浅议“创模”指标的变化与发展

根据“十五”、“十一五”期间“创模”指标体系,分析了各阶段指标体系差异和变化,而最新的指标体系能更全面地反映环境质量。同时,“创模”指标的变化趋势分析表明,“创模”指标的发展必然是反映当时的环保工作重点,“创模”的基本条件门槛会不断提升,“创模”指标的内涵会不断丰富,以确保国家环境保护模范城市的先进性和示范性。     

“十二五”地表水国家环境监测网络吉林省水环境国控监测点位布设的构想

根据国家环境质量监测网络,对十二五地表水环境质量监测断面调整工作要求,吉林省在辖区内所有水环境质量监测断面及采样点基础上,完成了松花江流域和辽河流域国控监测断面的优化调整工作。在此过程中,如何从国家尺度上,既能充分反映吉林省水环境质量状况,又能满足国家对地表水环境管理需求进行了深入思考。本文以吉林省为例,在确定国控监测断面及采样点的布设中,提出了自己的构想和建议。     

我国4个大气背景点环境空气颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))中水溶性离子分布特征

为研究国家大气背景点颗粒物质量浓度与水溶性离子组成特征,于2013年2月、7月、9月、12月分别对4个国家大气背景点进行了PM2.5及PM10的采样,通过超声萃取-IC法测定了样品中的9种水溶性离子(F-、Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、Na+、NH+4、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+)质量浓度,结果表明:(1)可吸入颗粒物浓度水平一、二季度重于三、四季度,PM2.5、PM10年均值分别为17μg·m-3、32μg·m-3,与其他主要国家和地区背景区域浓度相当,背景点大气状况良好;(2)PM2.5中水溶性离子比重全年波动不大,为35.5%—42.2%,浓度排序为SO2-4、NH+4、NO-3Ca2+、Cl-、K+、Na+F-、Mg2+,第一季度PM10中Ca2+浓度显著升高,控制风沙尘将有效降低PM10的浓度;PM2.5及PM10中的9种水溶性离子在不同季节的浓度分布规律与颗粒物浓度类似,一季度较高,三、四季度较低;(3)二次离子是背景点区域的主要水溶性离子,浓度值与其他主要国家和地区相当.NO-3、SO2-4的物质的量浓度与NH+4存在显著相关性,相关系数r为0.7539,斜率小于1,水溶性离子中酸性离子的量比铵根离子略占优势,对气溶胶酸度产生重要贡献.