国家重点生态功能区产业准入负面清单制度的现状、问题与优化建议

国家重点生态功能区对维护国家和区域生态安全至关重要,产业准入负面清单制度是促进区域国土空间布局优化、引导产业绿色发展的重要举措。本文分别选取了水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙、生物多样性维护不同类型国家重点生态功能区的案例区,深入开展产业准入负面清单制定的现状分析与问题识别。结果表明：现有产业准入负面清单以限制类为主且多为现有发展产业,禁止类产业较少且多为规划发展产业,在实施过程中仍存在与主体功能定位不符、区域协调性不足、实施困难大、缺乏动态跟踪管理等四方面问题。在此基础上,结合国家有关政策要求和不同区域主导功能定位,提出水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙、生物多样性维护四类重点生态功能区的通用性和差异性产业准入负面清单优化政策建议,为国家重点生态功能区保护与管理提供决策参考。     

国家环保模范城市创建中监测类指标操作要点

国家环境保护模范城市考核指标体系共28项考核指标(集中供热率仅考核北方城市),其中11项指标以环境监测为基础。环境监测类指标是环保模范城市考核中定量考核的主要方面,也是在创模过程中容易出现问题的方面。笔者根据多年参与环保模范城市考核的体会,提出了各项指标的操作要点。     

土壤环境监测基础点位布设思路与方法

为适应新形势下土壤环境保护工作重点任务和要求,"十三五"期间,中国亟需构建布局合理、功能完备的土壤环境监测网,确定国控监测点位,以说清全国土壤环境质量整体状况、潜在风险状况及变化趋势。通过梳理欧美等发达国家和地区的做法和经验,针对国内土壤环境的实际情况,开展布点尺度和点位优化方法研究,提出了国家尺度上适宜布点尺度,建立了统一的历史点位优化筛选规则,在此基础上,形成了点位的布设思路、原则和方法,并给出了阶段性的布设结果,最后提出了后续进一步完善的方向。     

Defining the balance point between conservation and development

In the face of the current global ecological crisis and the threats it poses to human survival and security, the fundamental solution is to resolve the deep contradiction between conservation and economic development. We considered the 3 key and basic questions of why to protect, how much to protect, and where to protect natural areas. Human survival depends on functioning ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. In this regard, conserving core biodiversity conservation priority areas (BCPAs) can provide maximum conservation benefit. The goals of protected area (PA) systems globally and nationally must be clearly defined so as to sustain the survival and development of people and to coordinate and balance other objectives with this goal at the center. There is an urgent need to study, calculate, and define the extent of the natural world to ensure the well-being of people. We call this area over which natural areas of land and sea extend across the world or a country nature proportion (N%). Especially, a minimum area that ensures human survival should be protected, and we suggest that this area should cover core BCPAs so that it can achieve the maximum conservation benefit. These recommendations could be applied at global or national levels. The Chinese government proposes “developing a protected-area system composed mainly of national parks,” and it has unified the administration of PAs into a central management authority. At this key time in the reform of the PA system, should this proposal be adopted, conservation will garner the greatest social consensus and support, and planning at the national level for BCPA coverage will be improved. We believe these recommendations are critical for China and other countries and extremely important for the world because they will pave the way toward a balance between nature conservation and human development as the projected human population reaches 10 billion by 2050.     

Quantifying the extent of protected‐area downgrading,downsizing, and degazettement in Australia

The use of total area protected as the predominant indicator of progress in building protected area (PA) networks is receiving growing criticism. Documenting the full dynamics of PA networks, both in terms of the gains and losses in protection, provides a much more informative approach to tracking progress. To this end, documentation of PA downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) has increased. Studies of PADDD events generally fail to place these losses in the context of gains in protection; therefore, they omit important elements of PA network dynamics. To address this limitation, we used a spatially explicit approach to identify every parcel of land added to and excised from the Australian terrestrial PA network and PAs that had their level of protection changed over 17 years (1997–2014). By quantifying changes in the spatial configuration of the PA network with time‐series data (spatial layers for nine separate time steps), ours is the first assessment of the dynamics (increases and decreases in area and level of protection) of a PA network and the first comprehensive assessment of PADDD in a developed country. We found that the Australian network was highly dynamic; there were 5233 changes in area or level of protection over 17 years. Against a background of enormous increases in area protected, we identified over 1500 PADDD events, which affected over one‐third of the network, which were largely the result of widespread downgrading of protection. We believe our approach provides a mechanism for robust tracking of trends in the world's PAs through the use of data from the World Database on Protected Areas. However, this will require greater transparency and improved data standards in reporting changes to PAs.     

Post‐acquisition integration processes in publicly owned professional service companies: Senior professional behaviour and company performance

The client relationships and tacit knowledge of professionals are professional service firms' (PSFs') major value creating resources producing challenges in generating post‐merger and acquisition value and risks of reducing the productivity or losing key professionals and their clients. The recent emergence of publicly owned PSFs and rapid growth through consolidating smaller privately owned firms potentially increases this risk by integrating small firms and their professionals into large public companies that may be governed very differently. This study explores post‐acquisition integration processes: professional behaviours and associated performance implications in two highly acquisitive publicly owned accounting companies. In one company, the integration process was rapid and heavily directed by senior management, while in the second company, integration was more gradual, initially undirected but then facilitated by senior management. The findings suggest that integration processes can impact the behaviour of professionals and acquiring firm performance. This research contributes to the understanding of post‐acquisition integration processes in PSFs and decision‐making and professional behaviour in recently emerged publicly owned PSFs. The study contributes to knowledge‐based theory by identifying factors that can affect the decision authority of executives and how organisational behaviour can constrain the implementation of executive integration decisions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

试论跨国界水体联合监测的重点与难点及研究——以中俄跨界水体水质联合监测为例

针对中国-俄罗斯（以下简称中俄）跨国界水体水质联合监测的重点与难点,探讨了跨国界水资源的共享问题,介绍了中国周边跨国界河流情况现状,提出了跨国界联合监测的特点及其重点,主要是水生生物和珍惜野生动物活动情况监测和环境质量监测。探讨了跨国界联合监测的难点,主要有跨国界联合监测指标和监测断面的确立、联合监测分析方法和评价标准的统一和跨国界污染事故的信息共享与联合应对。最后给出的对策与建议是：高层重视,整体研究、加强交流,技术立项和跨界联动,信息共享等具体措施。     

治理现代化目标下国家空间规划体系的变迁与重构

基于治理理论,从中央—地方以及政府—市场关系维度,分别揭示了西方发达国家和我国空间规划体系在国家治理变迁影响下的演变历程与总体趋向。国土空间规划是我国面向生态文明建设的重要制度变革与治理体系重构的举措,但是面向国家治理现代化目标,未来我国国土空间规划体系再建构还必须重视三个方面的问题：（1）充分理解“国土空间”的多元价值属性,重视国土空间规划对多元目标的统筹平衡,不能把空间简单化为“自然资源”载体,谨防规划蜕化为单纯的“资源环境管控技术工具”;（2）集权与分权相结合,建立与政府事权相对应、层级差异有序的空间规划体系;（3）高度重视规划研究和非法定规划的作用,为空间规划的科学性提供有力支撑。     

中国旅游业基本国情分析

大众旅游时代,中国旅游业已全面融入国家社会经济体系,仅仅从产业视角来研究现阶段中国旅游业发展是不够的,需要从基本国情和国家战略层面予以重新考量。本文以“旅游三体说”为逻辑起点,加入了假日制度变量约束,构建旅游国情研究的基本理论框架,分析中国旅游业基本国情。研究表明：中国旅游业基本国情表现为“超级国家”的“超级旅游”和旅游业发展的“巨国效应”,这种国情同步要求假日制度设计时间的充分保障和游憩空间的有效供给,才能充分释放旅游业综合价值。中国旅游国情分析为认识中国目前旅游业发展提供了一个基本视角。研究结论不仅对中国社会经济发展和和国家旅游业宏观战略有一定决策参考价值,同时对推动中国旅游地理学学科发展具有重要意义和影响。特别是对于旅游地理学而言,这要求中国旅游地理学研究对象从传统景区或旅游目的地研究向以国土游憩空间选择优化方向进行拓展提升,在这一过程中需重新定位思考不同空间维度“旅游地域系统”基本构成要素、系统结构、特征和演化过程与机理、政策制度设计和配套保障措施,完善新时代旅游地理学研究内容、研究方法、研究范式以及与相关学科关系等,进而全面拓展旅游地理学研究领域,提升其学科价值和社会影响。     

Proactive career behaviors and subjective career success: The moderating role of national culture

Although career proactivity has positive consequences for an individual's career success, studies mostly examine objective measures of success within single countries. This raises important questions about whether proactivity is equally beneficial for different aspects of subjective career success, and the extent to which these benefits extend across cultures. Drawing on Social Information Processing theory, we examined the relationship between proactive career behaviors and two aspects of subjective career success—financial success and work‐life balance—and the moderating role of national culture. We tested our hypotheses using multilevel analyses on a large‐scale sample of 11,892 employees from 22 countries covering nine of GLOBE's 10 cultural clusters. Although we found that proactive career behaviors were positively related to subjective financial success, this relationship was not significant for work‐life balance. Furthermore, career proactivity was relatively more important for subjective financial success in cultures with high in‐group collectivism, high power distance, and low uncertainty avoidance. For work‐life balance, career proactivity was relatively more important in cultures characterized by high in‐group collectivism and humane orientation. Our findings underline the need to treat subjective career success as a multidimensional construct and highlight the complex role of national culture in shaping the outcomes of career proactivity.