地质灾害生命损失灾情分析与对策

地质灾害每年造成最大可能死亡1500－2000人，除内蒙古，天津市，江苏省，上海市，香港，澳门以外，其余28个省（市，区）每年因地灾害均有不同程度的人员伤亡，据统计，全国实际发生地质灾害死亡人数：1995年死亡1230人，1996年死亡51人，1997年死亡108人，1998年死亡532人，2000年死亡142人（伤26975人）。各级政府必须加强地质灾害防治，保障人民群众生命财产的安全。（1）地质灾害防治，政府负总责，建立和完善领导责任制。（2）制定地质灾害防治规划，实施规划管理，分期分批治理。（3）将地质灾害防治资金列入预算，并建立多元化投资机制。（4）工程建设必须进行地质灾害危险性评估，发生地质灾害造成重大损失的，追究地方政府主要领导和有关部门负责人的责任。     

潜流湿地中蛭石填料对氮磷的去除效果研究

研究了天然蛭石与生物蛭石的氨氮吸附能力.试验结果表明:天然理论饱和吸附量为2.56 mg·g-1,天然蛭石在连续穿透试验中最大单位吸附量为1.768 mg·g-1,在给定HRT条件下生物蛭石柱1与柱2的平均吸附量分别为0.008 1 mg·g-1与0.006 4 mg·g-1.运行20 d里生物蛭石柱对氨氮的去除率一直在80%以上,结果显示仅在试验初期生物蛭石对磷有较好的去除效果.     

CANADA'S EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPING A NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION STRATEGY: A DELIBERATIVE DIALOGUE APPROACH

Canada is vulnerable to a wide range of natural and human-induced disasters. Recent experience with major natural disasters demonstrated that more needs to be done to protect Canadians from the impacts of future disasters. The Government of Canada, through the Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, has conducted consultations with provinces, territories and stakeholders to develop a national disaster mitigation strategy (NDMS) aimed at enhancing Canada's capacity to prevent disasters before they occur and promoting the development of disaster-resilient communities. This paper provides an overview of Canada's emergency management and hazards context. It reports on the preliminary findings of consultations with stakeholders and evaluates the usefulness of the deliberative dialogue methodology that was used to facilitate the consultations. Examples that are illustrative of recent Canadian efforts on disaster mitigation and the challenges respecting the development and future implementation of a NDMS are also discussed.     

自然水体生物膜上铁、锰氧化物生长速率的研究

通过对南湖水体培养的生物膜上铁、锰氧化物生长速率的研究发现，生物膜上铁、锰氧化物的生长过程均属于一级动力学反应，可以用双常数速率方程、Elovich方程、抛物线扩散方程及指数函数方程进行描述，生物膜上铁氧化物的生长速率远远大于锰氧化物的生长速率，锰氧化物的生长速率随水深的增加而降低，并呈显著的线性关系。     

淮北涡河流域农业自然生产潜力模型与分析

根据淮北涡河流域的特点,本文以小麦—玉米一年两熟制建立光合作用、温度、水分和土壤条件对自然生产潜力影响的动态分室模型,再用阶乘模型将它们综合为农业自然生产潜力模型,并将模型计算值与实际生产情况对比分析。模型的输出结果综合反映了该区自然资源对农业生产的影响。由模型分析出影响本区农业自然生产力的当前限制因子是土壤养分,长远限制因子是土壤有机质和水分,为分阶段区域治理提供了依据。在土壤完全改良后,淮北平原的农业生产可跃上年平均亩产900kg的新水平。     

Characteristics of the natural organic matter sorption affects of organic contaminants

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＲｅｃｅｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｈａｓｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｔｈａｔｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｙｄｒｏｐｈｏｂｉｃｏｒｇａｎｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓ(ＨＯＣ)ｉｎｓｏｉｌｓａｎｄｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｓｉｓｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄｂｙｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒｕｎｌｅｓｓｉｔｓｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｉｓｖｅｒｙｌｏｗ(Ｃｈｉｏｕ ,1 989) .Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｔｒｕｅｉｎｗａｔｅｒ ｓｏｉｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｂｅｃａｕｓｅｗａｔｅｒｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅｓａｒｅｐｒｅｆｅｒａｂｌｙａｄｓｏｒｂｅｄ…     

塔里木天然气氮同位素组成与分布

利用制备气相色谱仪分离塔里木天然气中N2 并测定同位素比值 ,结果显示不同区域天然气氮的含量及其同位素比值不同 ,塔中、塔北与和田河地区天然气含氮量高 ,δ15N低 ,库车天然气则相反。结果还显示塔里木原油与天然气氮同位素比值具有可比性 ,表明同源油 气成因上的内在联系     

天然气中N_2来源及其地球化学特征分析

天然气中N2的来源很多，其地球化学特征也不相同：①大气源N2：N2／Ar≤84，且δ15NN2≈0‰（ATM）；②地壳越深部和上地幔来源的原生N2∶δ15NN2≈-2‰～＋1‰．且伴生Ar的40Ar／36Ar＞2000和He的3He／4He＞10－6；③微生物反硝化作用生成的N2∶δ15NN2＜－10‰和地下水中NO3-及NO2-浓度异常高；④未成熟沉积有机质经微生物氨化作用形成的N2∶δ15NN2＜－10‰，伴生CK4的δ13C＜－55‰（PDB）；⑤成熟（包括高成熟）沉积有机质经热氨化作用形成的N2∶δ15NN2值≈-10‰～－1‰，且伴生CH4的δ13C≈－55‰～－30‰；⑥过成熟沉积有机质裂解产生的N2∶δ15NN2≈＋5‰～＋20‰；⑦沉积岩中无机及在高温变质作用下释放出的N2∶δ15NN2≈＋1‰～＋3．5‰，N2／Ar》84。     

城市生态公园及其评估

综述了城市生态公园的研究进展,分析了城市生态公园对解决城市生态问题及满足市民渴望回归自然的重要性.在总结目前城市生态公园理论与实践的基础上,对城市生态公园的定义及内涵进行了分析.首次提出了以生物多样性、生物量、乡土物种和景观为核心指标组成的城市生态公园评估指标体系,对中国正在兴起的城市生态公园建设具有指导意义.     

Dendroremediation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) part 1: Literature overview and research concept

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: For decades, very large areas of former military sites have been contaminated diffusely with the persistent nitroaromatic explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The recalcitrance of the environmental hazard TNT is to a great extent due to its particulate soil existence, which leads to slow but continuous leaching processes. Although improper handling during the manufacture of TNT seems to be a problem of the past in developed countries, environmental deposition of TNT and other explosives is still going on unfortunately, resulting from thousands of unexploded ordnance or low order explosions at munitions test areas and at current battlefields. OBJECTIVE: Sustainable phytoremediation strategies for explosives in Germany, which intend to use trees to decontaminate soil and groundwater ('dendroremediation'), have to consider that most of the former German military sites are already covered with woodlands, mainly with conifer stands. Therefore, parallel investigation of the remediation potential is necessary for both of the selected hybrids of fast growing broadleaf trees, which are waiting for planting and forest conifers, which have already proven for decades that they are able to grow on explosive contaminated sites. MAIN FEATURES: A short literature review is given regarding phytoremediation of TNT with herbaceous plants and some general aspects of dendroremediation are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of our TNT-dendroremediation research network is introduced, which has the strategic goal to make dendroremediation more calculable for a series of potent trees for site-adapted in situ application and for the assessment of tree remediation potentials in natural attenuation processes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Some of our methods, results and conclusions yet unpublished are presented. For a preliminary calculation of area-related annual TNT dendroremediation potential of five-year-old trees, the following values were assessed: Salix EW-13 6.0, Salix EW-20 8.5, Populus ZP-007 4.2, Betula pendula 5.2, Picea abies 1.9 and Pinus sylvestris 0.8 g m(-2) a(-1). For a 45-year-old spruce forest, an annual natural attenuation potential of 4.2 g TNT m(-2) a(-1) was found. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVE: Our main results deliver quantitative proposals for dendroremediation strategies in situ and provide decision aids. Also aspects of growth of raw materials for energy production are considered. Our dendroremediation research concept for TNT and its congeners can be easily completed for other trees of interest and it can also be applied to herbaceous plants. Knowing the current bottlenecks of phytoremediation and considering the known environmental behaviour of other contaminants, elements of our methodological approach may be easily adapted to those pollutant groups, e.g. for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, PAHs, chlorinated recalcitrants and, with some restrictions, to inorganics and to multiple contaminations. Our dynamical dendrotolerance test systems will help to predict tree growth on polluted areas. To provide some light into the black box of TNT dendroremediation, experimental data regarding the uptake, distribution and degradation of [14C]-TNT in mature tree tissues will be reported in the second part of this publication.