Considering connections between Hollywood and biodiversity conservation

Cinema offers a substantial opportunity to share messages with a wide audience. However, there is little research or evidence about the potential benefits and risks of cinema for conservation. Given their global reach, cinematic representations could be important in raising awareness of conservation issues and species of concern, as well as encouraging greater audience engagement due to their heightened emotional impact on viewers. Yet there are also risks associated with increased exposure, including heightened visitor pressure to environmentally sensitive areas or changes to consumer demand for endangered species. Conservationists can better understand and engage with the film industry by studying the impact of movies on audience awareness and behavior, identifying measurable impacts on conservation outcomes, and engaging directly with the movie industry, for example, in an advisory capacity. This improved understanding and engagement can harness the industry's potential to enhance the positive impacts of movies featuring species, sites, and issues of conservation concern and to mitigate any negative effects. A robust evidence base for evaluating and planning these engagements, and for informing related policy and management decisions, needs to be built.     

灾害易损性研究的回顾与展望

近十余年来,易损性研究成为灾害学术研究和国际社会发展减灾策略的一个主题.本文概述了易损性研究的历史发展过程,评述了易损性的三类概念,总结了易损性的四个性质,阐述了易损性识别和测量的一些基本理念和方法,指出了易损性分析在灾害研究和减灾防灾中的积极意义.     

自然保护区生态旅游对比研究——以海棠山、白石砬子为例

以辽宁海棠山和白石砬子国家级自然保护区为例,基于当地社区视角,借助田野调查、半结构式访谈法收集和掌握两个自然保护区生态旅游发展的实际情况.在综合比较两个保护区所在地区旅游业发展状况的基础上分析了二者生态旅游发展的差异和所凸显的问题,并就两个自然保护区在开展生态旅游过程中面临的主要问题提出了针对性的建议意见.通过对比发现问题和认识不足,只有在相互吸取教训和彼此经验互补的基础上才能促进两个保护区生态旅游的健康可持续发展.     

Post-Fordist transformation,the sustainability concept and social relations with nature: a case study of the Hamburg region

Following the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the concept of sustainability in general and of urban sustainability in particular has become increasingly significant in the course of the 1990s. Even if the environmental problems of cities are far from being solved, one can interpret this development as a change in the relationship between society and nature on both a discursive and a material level. At the same time the transition from Fordism to post-Fordism has given rise to new forms of urban entrepreneurialism, with an absolute priority to economic competitiveness on the one hand and sharpened social conflicts on the other. Looking at the case of the Hamburg region, the article discusses the interaction of these processes. Contrary to the understanding of sustainability as a broadly accepted policy goal it conceptualizes sustainability as a terrain of conflict. As such, we will argue, the sustainability concept and the underlying change in social relations with nature contribute to containing the contradictions of capitalist societalization, which in the transition to post-Fordism have become more visible again. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡库区土地自然坡度和高程对经济发展的影响

坡度和高程是土地资源固有的二个重要环境因子 ,对土地利用和土地生产力有直接作用。在山区 ,坡度和高程基本上决定了土地利用方向和利用方式 ,从而影响到经济效益和发展潜力。三峡库区面积 6 2 6 4 0km2 ,为丘陵、低中山区 ,山高坡陡。按坡度和高程对农业生产的影响程度进行分级 :0～ 7°、7～ 15°、15～ 2 5°、>2 5° ;80 0m以下 ,80 0m以上。在编制的 1:10万土地自然坡度和高程分级图及土地利用图的基础上获取各坡度、高程级及其土地利用类型和数据。 4个坡度级土地面积随坡度的增加而加大 ,随海拔的增高而减小。耕地大部分集中在 80 0m以下 7～ 15°和 15～ 2 5°的坡度上 ,优质耕地少 ,中、低产地多 ,并存在大量的陡坡耕地。森林大多分布在 80 0m以上 >2 5°陡坡上。根据对 1980～ 1996年库区主要县、市农业年产值与自然坡度和高程的定量分析比较 ,可以看出它们之间存在着明显的反比例关系。综合提高库区土地生产力 ,必须遵循“有所为 ,有所不为”原则 ,进行农业结构调整 ,不片面强调增加粮食产量而盲目扩大耕地面积 ,大力改造 15～ 2 5°的中、低产地 ,有计划、按步骤并在尊重农民意愿的基础上进行退陡坡旱地还林 (草 ) ,改善生态环境。     

土地利用/覆被变化对张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区景观破碎化的影响

在遥感和GIS技术支持下,基于1975-2010年长时间序列遥感影像,结合转移矩阵模型等方法,阐述了张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区及其周边区域的土地利用/覆被变化状况。选取斑块密度指数、聚合度、斑块平均面积指数、斑块形状破碎化指数等指标,系统分析了保护区内湿地景观破碎化过程,据此探讨了保护区及其周边区域土地利用/覆被变化对保护区内湿地景观破碎化过程的影响。结果表明:①保护区内及其周边地区的耕地比重分别增加了7.67%和5.5%,湿地比重分别减少了6.91%和0.4%;②保护区内湿地逐渐由研究初期大面积斑块体占主导、空间上连续分布的格局趋于景观破碎化;③区域土地利用/覆被变化直接导致了保护区内湿地平均斑块面积的缩减,间接降低了湿地斑块间的聚合度等;④保护区内湿地景观破碎化对土地利用/覆被变化的响应主要表现为各景观破碎化指数对大规模的耕地开垦等开发活动的响应上。     

层次分析法在自然保护区公路路线方案选择中的应用

针对自然保护区公路路线方案选择中存在的盲目性、片面性和主观性问题,本文以环长白山旅游公路建设项目环境影响评价方案为例,提出运用层次分析法进行路线方案比选。结果表明,在公路环境影响评价的路线方案选择过程中,层次分析法是一种较好的定量分析方法。     

长江经济带国家级自然保护区管理状况评价

为切实做好长江经济带生态环境保护工作,基于HJ 913-2017《自然保护区管理评估规范》对长江经济带120处国家级自然保护区的管理状况进行评分.以评估结果为基础,评价了自然保护区管理状况的影响因素,并提出了提升自然保护区管理质量的建议.结果表明:①长江经济带国家级自然保护区的管理状况总体较好,平均得分为81.41分.从分布地区来看,经济较发达的地区,国家级自然保护区的管理状况相对较好;从建立时间看,评估总得分与国家级自然保护区的建立时长呈正相关;从规模看,评估总得分与国家级自然保护区的面积大小呈负相关;从自然保护区类型看,野生植物类型保护区的管理状况要优于野生动物类型.②从管理基础、管理措施、管理保障、管理成效、负面影响5项评估内容来看,管理基础得分相对较高,管理保障得分相对较低.③从全部指标的评分情况来看,保护对象变化和资源调查2项指标的得分相对较高;开发建设活动影响、专业技术能力、机构设置与人员配置、动态监测4项指标的得分相对较低.④Spearman相关分析表明,与评估总得分显著相关的指标为巡护执法、日常管护、专业技术能力、管护设施.研究显示,当前国家级自然保护区的机构设置、专业人才队伍建设、监测体系和开发建设活动影响是制约其管理质量提升的主要因素.      

Devolving power from the state: local initiatives for nature protection and recreation in Sweden

ABSTRACT

Quests for devolving more power to local actors for nature protection stem from both international and national policies. Also, there is a growing recognition of the need for local governments to promote green infrastructure for citizens to recreate and learn about their environment. Starting in 2004, the Swedish government has allocated special funding towards these goals through the Local Nature Conservation Programme (LONA). Virtually all Swedish municipalities have received such funding in pursuit of facilitating wide access to nature and promoting recreational activities, including the protection of nature areas, creating pathways, information devices, and promoting these areas among new societal groups to enjoy. This study presents the results of ten years of experience with LONA. A survey with respondents from 191 municipalities and 20 county administrations, together with 20 key informant interviews, show that the programme has been a success in several respects. Not only have most municipalities created a wealth of new ways to engage local organisations and citizens in nature conservation and recreation, but they have also broadened the ways they think about how nature is important to their constituencies. Due to innovative ways to count voluntary work as local matching of funding, smaller and less resourceful municipalities have also become engaged. Still, the local needs for further initiatives are deemed considerable. State support coupled with knowledge sharing is important to show policy priority to such bottom-up initiatives.     

From Environmental Ethics to Nature Conservation Policy: Natura 2000 and the Burden of Proof

Natura 2000 is a network of natural sites whose aim is to preserve species and habitats of relevance in the European Union. The policy underlying Natura 2000 has faced widespread opposition from land users and received extensive support from environmentalists. This paper addresses the ethical framework for Natura 2000 and the probable moral assumptions of its main stakeholders. Arguments for and against Natura 2000 were analyzed and classified according to “strong” or “weak” versions of the three main theories of environmental ethics – anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism. Weak (intergenerational) anthropocentrism was found to underlie the Natura 2000 network itself and the positions of environmentalists, while strong (traditional) anthropocentrism pervaded the positions of economic developers. Land users seemed to fall somewhere between weak and strong anthropocentrism. The paper discusses the relation between ethics and different attitudes towards Natura 2000, highlighting some of the implications for the network’s ongoing implementation. It is shown that Natura 2000 achieves a strong reversal of the burden of proof from conservation to economic development and land use change under anthropocentrism. It is argued that the alleged theoretical divide between anthropocentrism and non-anthropocentrism in relation to the burden of proof does not seem to hold in practice. Finally, it is predicted that the weak versions of anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, are likely to converge extensively in respect to nature conservation policy measures.“Charting the depths of law and policy disputes yield an understanding of ethical differences.” Paul B. Thompson (2002, p. 189).