环境污染应急处置技术的CBR-MADM两步筛选法模型

突发环境污染事件进行应急处置时,需要在历史案例库和处置技术库的基础上通过筛选模型筛选出最适宜的应急处置技术.其中筛选的效率和准确性是构建技术筛选模型的首要因素,目前尚无较为满意的解决方案.本文结合案例推理技术(CBR)和模糊多属性群决策模型(MADM)的优势,建立了环境污染应急处置技术的CBR-MADM两步筛选法模型:第1步,先利用基于熵权G1法的CBR推理从案例库中匹配案例,再从相似度最高的几个案例中提取应急处置技术作为备选技术;第2步,利用MADM对备选技术进行筛选和决策.CBR-MADM两步筛选法既充分利用了历史处置经验,又极大地提高了应急处置技术的筛选速度和效率.将该方法应用于2012年底山西长治浊漳河苯胺泄漏污染事件中,成功筛选出“投加混凝剂-活性炭坝拦截”技术,同实际情况吻合,验证了其适用性和可行性.     

一种高效的油水分离器

研制并开发了一种高效的污水除油设备,此设备采用斜通道纹板作为油水分离构件。由于构件内液流流动的特殊形态,提供了频繁的油滴之间碰撞聚结和油滴在波纹板上粘附聚结机会,因而具有较高的分离效率,并已在多处油田及炼油厂得到成功应用。     

密切值法在河南省污泥处置厂布局规划中的应用

采用密切值法进行多目标决策优选,选取污泥处置需求、交通运输条件、人均GDP等9项影响污泥处置厂布局的指标,以其极端情况组成最优和最劣样本,结合层次分析法赋予的指标权重,计算可综合反映与最好和最差样本距离的综合参数-密切值,并根据密切值的大小对河南省18个省辖市布局污泥处置厂的适宜性进行排序分析,依据分析结果初步确定了河南省污泥处置厂的布局方案,并运用规模效益函数对方案的经济性进行了分析。     

瓦斯抽采钻孔动态漏气圈特性及漏气处置研究

为了研究煤矿瓦斯抽采过程中钻孔瓦斯浓度衰减的问题,提出了动态漏气圈的概念,通过建立动态漏气圈数学模型,采用理论推导,数值模拟的方法分析了瓦斯抽采钻孔漏气圈的变化特性,并采用三囊袋封堵器在义安煤矿进行瓦斯抽采封孔及漏气处置工业性试验。研究表明,漏气圈半径随时间呈现动态变化,在瓦斯抽采初期急剧增大,随着抽采持续漏气半径增大趋势逐渐降低;煤体强度及钻孔所处的应力是影响漏气圈半径的重要因素,地应力越大漏气圈半径越大而煤体强度越大漏气圈半径越小;在整个抽采过程中漏气圈半径存在一个稳定值,在达到稳定值以前漏气圈半径呈现增加大趋势,研究得出了地应力及煤体强度影响下的该种趋势的特性;采用三囊袋封堵器对瓦斯抽采钻孔进行漏气处置可以有效改善瓦斯抽采效果,并且测得的瓦斯浓度变化曲线也证实抽采钻孔漏气圈的动态变化特性。     

危险废物填埋处置的地下水环境健康风险评价

基于美国EPACMTP模型和健康风险评价模型,建立了一种危险废物填埋处置地下水环境健康风险评价方法.在此基础上,以电镀污泥为例,评价了其进入危险废物填埋场和一般工业固体废物填埋场处置的地下水环境健康风险,以验证该方法的有效性.结果表明,该方法需要参数少且计算简单;电镀污泥中的污染组分(Ni、Mn和Cr6+)进入危险废物填埋场和一般工业固体废物填埋场中处置所引起的目标敏感点处的地下水环境健康非致癌风险分别为10.20×10-4和0.81×10-1,两者均小于美国标准中非致癌的可接受风险水平(1.00),表明该电镀污泥进入上述填埋场引起的地下水环境健康风险不明显;就该电镀污泥填埋处置对目标敏感点处产生的地下水环境健康风险而言,其可以进入一般工业固体废物填埋场处置.     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

Control Criteria and Activities in Dumping Management in Italy

In Italy, two different types of wastes can be dumped in the seas: industrial wastes and dredged material. There are no cases of sludges from urban treatment plants being discharged into the sea.

The sea dumping of harbour dredging sludges is a long standing practice, while the disposal of industrial wastes dates back to 1965.

Two specific laws regulate these two activities, although they do not establish quality standards for the receiving sea environment. Careful evaluation must be made, case by case, of possible effects of discharge with regard to physico-chemical characteristics of materials, to general oceanological characteristics of the dumpsite and to the uses to which such a dumpsite is designated.

The analysis of different cases of industrial waste dumping, carried out at the pre-operational level and during discharge, revealed some potential for negative long-term effects on the sea environment. This, as well as the increasing public sensitivity to environmental problems, led the management agencies in Italy to take several measures aimed to stop all forms of sea dumping of industrial wastes and to revise the general criteria in issuing permits for the discharge of dredged material.     

市政污泥与生活垃圾掺烧工艺探讨

本文概括介绍了国内市政污泥处理处置的现状和目前不同类型的市政污泥处理处置技术，根据国外经验和国内情况做了市政污泥与生活垃圾掺烧的探讨，并总结了通过掺烧试验进行的工程应用实践。     

三元组分图在储罐退役惰性化过程设计中的应用

储罐退役之前,一般要进行惰化处理,以降低可燃气体浓度,避免形成爆炸性混合气体。根据三元组分图,可以方便、直观地设计惰化施工的方案,包括惰化操作的程序设计和危险气体控制目标浓度的确定。本文从理论上研究了在储罐退役惰性化过程设计时,如何用三元组分图表示爆炸极限、最小含氧浓度以及在储罐稀释惰性化过程中气体组成的变化轨迹。提出了两套惰化设计方案,在分析比较的基础上,确定了储罐退役惰化时的最安全实施方案。     

Risk assessment as a management tool for inactive hazardous materials disposal sites

A protocol for risk assessment at inactive hazardous material disposal sites has been developed by using mathematical modeling and estimation techniques. Compared with ranking models, the protocol yields quantitative results with a minimum of input data that may be used to select among management, scientific, or engineering alternatives for the site. This article reviews the background, presents the protocol, illustrates the application of the protocol, and demonstrates the use of the protocol in conjunction with thecritical environmental area concept. Comparisons are also presented with other model systems such as the EPA HRS.