Regional impervious surface estimation: an urban heat island application

This paper describes a GIS-based estimation method that can be used to forecast future amounts of impervious surface as a mitigation measure for urban heat island effect in a metropolitan region. The method is unique because it employs a regression model that links the existing amount of impervious surface to population and employment at the census tract level. This approach provides a means to forecast future amounts of impervious surface based on projected population and employment. The method also includes a detailed analysis of high-resolution aerial photography to divide impervious surfaces into different categories. Subdividing impervious surfaces is necessary to evaluate potential urban heat island mitigation policies for different types of impervious surface. The analysis here shows that the impervious surface in the metropolitan Atlanta region will increase to 2638 km2 2. “The Albedo is defined as the hemispherical reflectivity averaged over the solar spectrum. A perfect reflector has a = 1, and a perfect absorber has a = 0” (Pomerantz et al. 1999 Pomerantz, M. 1999. Reflective surfaces for cooler buildings and cities. Philosophical magazine B, 79: 1457–1476. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar], p. 1458). View all notes in 2030, an increase of 45% from 2000. The most common type of impervious surface is dark-coloured pavement. Within this study area, the analyses showed that two-thirds of impervious surfaces are dark. Replacing dark pavement with light pavement materials, therefore, represents an important opportunity to mitigate the urban heat island effect in the Atlanta region.     

郫县灰潮田有效硅含量和小麦施硅效应初探

通过同田对比试验，本文对郫县水稻土小麦施用硅肥进行了初步研究．结果表明，小麦施硅获得了增产效果；施硅对小麦穗粒数、株高和基部节间体积等具有生长效应；郫县水稻土有效硅含量为１２７±３９ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１（ｎ＝１２），变异较大，与土壤粘粒（＜０．００１ｍｍ）呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７９）；发育于第四系岷江灰色冲积母质的郫县水稻上，粘粘含量普遍较低，因此，郫县小麦施硅具有较大增产潜力．     

成都市城市效应对大气环境的影响

本文利用1979—1981年气象资料用统计方法分析了城市热岛效应对主要气象要素时空分布特征的影响(例如:温度、无霜期、风速、日照、云量、降水量、雷暴、雨日、雾日和土壤温度),结果表明:城市效应对市区大气环境的影响是明显的。     

一种新型的机场空中驱鸟方法的研究

本文针对鸟撞这一世界性的问题，提出了一种机场驱鸟的新方法，该方法采用航模携带音频设备，频闪及摄像机等的空中复合驱鸟系统。通过对该方法的工作原理及方法的可行性进行了分析，得出了如下结论：该方法能够克服地面驱鸟系统的不足，进一步净化机场上空的范围，改善驱鸟效果，极大地减少了飞机起降时鸟撞的机会；发展专用的空中驱鸟系统不仅是必需，而且是必然的。     

炼厂隔油后污水的有机构成及混凝处理

采用GC/MS技术分析了炼厂隔油后污水的有机组成,并研究了不同混凝剂处理污水的效果,以及对有机构成的影响。结果表明,隔油后污水中的有机物质主要是C6–C8,其中酚类物质的含量最高;PAM和PAC混凝处理隔油后污水,可使污水中的有机物质总浓度及各物质的相对比例均发生变化,PAM降低烃类物质的效果好于PAC,而后者降低酚类物质的效果好于前者;在PAC处理污水时,同时投加少量活性炭可有效改变PAC脱除COD的性能。     

石油污染生物修复技术研究

本文概述了影响石油污染物生物降解修复处理的多种因素,对石油污染生物处理技术的发展进行了展望。其中主要影响因素包括：菌种的影响,菌种在不同的环境中和对不同碳链长度的碳氢化合物表现出不同的降解效率;石油物质本身物理化学特性的影响,如石油物质在水体或土壤中的浓度以及石油的粘度、沸点、折射率等特性;生存环境条件的影响,在接种入高效率的降解菌或利用土著微生物进行降解时,降解率受到生存环境中各种条件的影响,如表面活性剂、光照条件、吸附剂的利用、营养盐、共代谢底物、氧气、温度、盐度等。     

环境中铬污染的生态效应及其防治

从生态效应的角度介绍了重金属铬在环境中的迁移、转化规律，重点论及了铬污染对人体健康厦水生生物等其他生物的影响、对水体自净作用的影响，指出Cr^6＋的生态效应远比Cr^3＋大的多。目前治理含铬工业废水和受铬污染土壤几种有效方法，旨在引起人们对环境中铬污染的生态效应产生足够的重视和防范。     

城市垃圾渗滤液场内循环处理的探讨

本文对城市垃圾渗滤液的产生量、水质特征及其影响因素进行了分析，介绍了当前国内外垃圾渗滤水场内循环处理的两大研究流派-以欧美国家为主的生物反应器填埋技术和以日本为主的循环式准好氧填埋技术。根据我国城市垃圾有机物含量高的特点，提出了适合我国国情的、将准好氧填埋技术与生物反应器填埋技术特点相结合的城市垃圾填埋场渗波液场内循环处理的设计思路。     

粪便高温堆肥及其施用效果研究综述

本文综述了国内外高温堆肥系统的堆肥条件、调控方法、堆肥腐熟度指标以及农田施用效果的研究进展。尽管畜禽粪便是有机肥料的主要来源,但是其携带的大量病原菌、寄生虫卵和有毒物质是影响畜禽粪便农田利用的主要原因。好氧堆肥的主要目的是杀灭粪便中携带的有害病菌和寄生虫卵,将原料中的高分子经过微生物分解为稳定的物质。如何选择堆肥腐熟度指标和利用这些指标是判定堆肥稳定与否的重要条件。最终达到合理施用有机肥、提高作物品质、改善土壤环境质量条件的目的。     

Specific Contributions of Politics,Economics, and Toxicology in Setting Socially Consensual Limit Values

/ Limit values are legal limits for the concentrations of substances in the environment. They must be agreed upon in a consensual procedure between science, economics/technology, and political forces. This is a crucial political precondition for their social acceptance. The arguments put forward to justify their expediency and numerical level are based not only on risk-benefit considerations but also on the aspect of the technical avoidability of direct and indirect exposure. The critical assessment of the direct benefit of specified exposures falls within the responsibility of economics/technology, whereas criteria for their potential adverse effects (direct and indirect) are provided by medicine/biochemistry and/or ecology. Within this concept, the avoidance of nonbeneficial-even if not openly adverse-exposure is the essential aim of environmental hygiene and should be promoted by politics/science. In general, society or segments thereof reject adverse, accept beneficial, and tolerate unavoidable exposure. Conflicts of interest arise when different groups of society simultaneously define a given exposure as being adverse, beneficial, and unavoidable. Therefore, from the viewpoint of society as a whole, an optimal exposure lies as far as reasonably achievable at a level lower than known or plausible adverse effect thresholds (as defined by toxicology or ecology). This optimal level of exposure must be determined using a transparent and, hence, public procedure.KEY WORDS: Legal limit values; Benefit threshold; Social acceptance; Social tolerability; Adverse effect threshold; Avoidable exposure; Tolerance threshold; Environmental hygiene