Phenotype-dependent arrival time and its consequences in a migratory bird

Arrival times for migratory animals can be viewed as the result of an optimization process of costs and benefits of early arrival, and when the cost and benefit functions of early arrival depend on phenotypic quality, this will result in phenotype-dependent optimal arrival times. This hypothesis was tested for males of the migratory and sexually size-dimorphic barn swallow Hirundo rustica. The major cost of early arrival is poor environmental conditions which resulted in mortality of short-tailed early-arriving males in one year. The major benefits of early arrival are higher mating success, enhanced reproductive success, improved recruitment rates for offspring, and enhanced quality of the mate acquired. Annual variation in male arrival date is related to weather conditions at the breeding grounds, but also to some extent to weather conditions in the African winter quarters. Individual variation in arrival time can be explained by phenotype-dependent cost and benefit functions of early arrival. Male barn swallows with long tail ornaments arrived earlier than short-tailed males. The costs of early arrival should be particularly high under poor environmental conditions and lead to a stronger negative relationship between arrival date and phenotypic quality in years with poor environmental conditions. This prediction was confirmed by a stronger negative relationship between male tail length and date of arrival in years when arrival was relatively late because of poor weather. A female preference for early-arriving males may result in acquisition of good genes for optimal migratory behaviour, if migratory direction and extent have a genetic basis as shown in a number of different bird species.     

抓住西部大开发机遇 改善乌海市环境条件

本文简要介绍了乌海市环境条件 ,分析了环境污染形成原因 ,并提出改善环境条件的几点建议。     

旋翼结冰对直升机悬停性能影响的数值分析

目的 研究旋翼结冰对直升机悬停性能的影响。方法 选取具有充分试验数据的UH-1H直升机为算例,采用Fluent计算旋翼流场,将收敛后的流场文件导入Fensap-ICE中进行水滴撞击和结冰计算,得到结冰后的旋翼外形后,再采用Fluent计算旋翼流场,从而分析旋翼结冰对直升机悬停性能的影响。结果 通过改变结冰条件,分析了不同结冰条件对直升机悬停效率的影响,表明旋翼结冰会显著降低直升机的悬停效率,且随着结冰时间、水滴平均直径(MVD)和液态水含量(LWC)的增大,直升机的悬停效率逐渐降低。结论 不同结冰条件对直升机悬停效率下降趋势的影响不同,随着结冰时间的增大,悬停效率基本呈线性下降,而随着MVD和LWC的增大,悬停效率的下降趋势逐渐变缓,下降幅度逐渐减小。     

长江三角洲初冬一次重污染天气成因分析

利用站点气象和PM_2.5资料以及NCEP的全球再分析数据集研究了2015年12月17~28日长江三角洲地区一次重污染天气过程.结果表明：地面弱气压场是此次污染事件发生发展的主要天气背景,而冷空气带来的大风使PM_2.5浓度迅速下降,有效清除了PM_2.5.区域热力因子和动力因子分析发现,此次过程中大气中低层层结稳定、近地面逆温强,有利于PM_2.5和水汽的累积,使其浓度水平升高;对于动力因子来说,较小的通风率和较低的边界层高度不利于污染物扩散,同样使PM_2.5浓度上升.两者相比,热力因子对PM_2.5浓度值的贡献比动力因子大.结合后向轨迹和排放源分布发现,此次污染过程中长江三角洲地区的PM_2.5主要受来自其西北方向的大陆气团（占46%左右）的影响,这些气团途经高污染排放源并把污染物远距离传输至长江三角洲地区.最后利用PSCF和CWT对长江三角洲地区污染物的潜在来源进行了分析,发现PM_2.5的来源主要集中在安徽、河南、山西、山东以及长江三角洲本地,说明此次过程中长江三角洲地区的污染物浓度受到远距离输送和局地过程的共同影响.     

Multicriteria ranking of workplaces regarding working conditions in a mining company

Ranking of workplaces with respect to working conditions is very significant for each company. It indicates the positions where employees are most exposed to adverse effects resulting from the working environment, which endangers their health. This article presents the results obtained for 12 different production workplaces in the copper mining and smelting complex RTB Bor – ‘Veliki Krivelj’ open pit, based on six parameters measured regularly which defined the following working environment conditions: air temperature, light, noise, dustiness, chemical hazards and vibrations. The ranking of workplaces has been performed by PROMETHEE/GAIA. Additional optimization of workplaces is done by PROMETHEE V with the given limits related to maximum permitted values for working environment parameters. The obtained results indicate that the most difficult workplace is on the excavation location (excavator operator). This method can be successfully used for solving similar kinds of problems, in order to improve working conditions.     

Working conditions and sleepiness while driving among truck drivers

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the role of working conditions as predictors of sleepiness while driving among truck drivers.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among truck drivers who transported grains to Paranaguá Port, Paraná, Brazil. The truck drivers were interviewed and completed a self-administered questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic and behavioral variables, working conditions, consumption of illicit psychoactive substances, and sleep patterns. Drivers were considered to be sleepy while driving if they reported a medium or high probability of napping while driving at night, during the daytime, or while stopped in traffic. The statistical analysis used logistic regression models progressively adjusted for age, behavioral variables, sleep duration, and other working conditions.

Results: In total, 670 male drivers, with a mean age of 41.9 (±11.1) years, were enrolled. The prevalence of sleepiness while driving was 31.5%. After model adjustments, the following working conditions were associated with sleepiness while driving: Distance from the last shipment of more than 1,000?km (odds ratio [OR]?=?1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–2.23) and a formal labor contract with a productivity-based salary (OR = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.86–3.78). Consumption of illicit psychoactive substances (OR = 1.99; 95% CI, 1.14–3.47) was also associated with sleepiness while driving.

Conclusions: Distance traveled and a formal labor contract with productivity-based earnings were the working conditions associated with sleepiness while driving, regardless of other working or behavioral characteristics, age, consumption of illicit psychoactive substances, and sleep duration.     

实验室环境试验条件及其剪裁技术

探讨了试验用的环境条件的基本概念及其与设计用环境条件的区别和联系,分析了GJB150和GB 2423两类试验方法标准中规定试验条件的特点和带来的问题。分析表明,试验用的环境条件不一定就是设计用的环境条件,并指出了不同阶段试验用环境条件确定原则和方法。     

南京青奥会期间不同天气条件下大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的分布特征

为研究青奥会期间不同天气条件下水溶性离子粒径分布特征,使用β射线测尘仪、安德森9级采样器和IC型离子色谱分析仪对南京2014-08-06~2014-09-04的PM_(2.5)、水溶性离子进行观测分析.将观测期间划分为晴天、雨天和阴天这3种天气类型.PM_(2.5)在不同天气条件下的平均浓度为晴天阴天雨天.PM_(1.1)、PM_(1.1~2.1)和PM_(2.1~10)中水溶性离子的浓度均是晴天阴天雨天,且降雨过程对细粒子的去除作用更为明显.Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)谱分布类似,呈双峰分布,降雨对SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+在0.65~1.1μm清除作用较强.不同天气条件下NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)比值均小于1,雨天和阴天时的NO-3/SO_4~(2-)值高于晴天.3种天气条件下SOR和NOR的值均大于0.1,SO_2和NO_2发生不同程度的二次转化,大气中存在更多的二次颗粒物.     

APEC会议前后北京地区PM2.5污染特征及气象影响因素

为分析APEC会议前后北京地区PM_2.5变化特征,利用中国科学院大学雁栖湖校区超级站在2014年10—12月的连续观测数据,对APEC会议前后北京地区污染物分布及变化特征、气象影响因素和气团传输路径特征进行了分析. 结果表明:APEC会议期间北京地区减排效果显著,ρ(PM_2.5)平均值比会前下降了60.5%. 气象条件对污染物扩散起到积极作用,APEC期间平均风速为1.40 m/s,平均相对湿度为31.9 %,近地面气象条件优于APEC会前、会后. 北京地区受到外来污染物输送的影响,在2.00~3.00 m/s的南风下易发生来自南部地区的PM_2.5和SO₂输送. APEC会议期间北京地区主要受来自西北地区的高速、高海拔气团控制,其出现频率为39.6%,远低于APEC会前 (15.9%)和会后(20.8%),而来自南部地区的低速、低海拔污染气团的出现频率仅为2.1%,扩散条件总体良好. 研究显示,除了减排措施有效削减了污染物排放以外,有利的气象条件也是APEC会议期间北京地区保持良好空气质量的重要因素.      

不同运行条件对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

以双室微生物燃料电池为研究对象,改变活性污泥MLSS值、营养物质的量、营养物质种类、温度等运行条件,测量24 h内COD值、细菌数目和电压值,进而研究不同运行条件对微生物燃料电池运行初期产电性能的影响。结果表明:在其他同等条件下,只改变MLSS值时,MLSS值越大,产电性能愈佳,只改变葡萄糖浓度时,当葡萄糖浓度为60 mg/mL时,产电性能最佳,最大电压和功率密度可达224.8 mV和505 mW/m3,只改变营养物质种类时,当加入低糖和C源营养物质时,产电性能较佳,只改变运行温度,当温度为37 ℃时,产电性能最佳,最大电压和功率密度可达231.5 mV和535 mW/m3;改变上述条件时,细菌数目与MFC的产电性能呈显著正相关关系。