后重建时代汶川大地震极重灾区旅游发展策略探析

2008年汶川大地震给四川省旅游业发展在短期内造成了极大困难,但也给当地遗留了大量的地震遗存,拥有重要的科学考查、科普教育和纪念价值。后重建时代极重灾区面临的旅游发展问题大同小异,虽然开发了许多新项目,但问题并没有从根本上解决。从当地自然环境禀赋各异、少数民族文化开发程度低、旅游商品外来化严重、旅游安全等方面分析了面临的各种问题,提出了具有针对性的对策和建议。     

International environmental agreements with support

We augment the standard cartel formation game from non-cooperative coalition theory, often applied in the context of international environmental agreements, with the possibility that singletons support coalition formation without becoming coalition members themselves. We assume their support takes the form of a monetary transfer to the coalition, in order to induce larger coalitions, higher levels of public good provision and higher payoffs. We show that, under mild conditions on the costs and benefits of contributing to the public good (e.g. abatement of greenhouse gas emissions), there exist equilibria with support. Allowing for support increases payoffs to each of three types of agents: members, supporters and free-riders.     

危险货物道路运输事故统计分析

为掌握危险货物道路运输事故的发生规律,预防事故与灾害发生,笔者收集、整理了2000年9月至2007年3月间的609起危险货物道路运输事故案例,并对案例进行详细分解和统计分析,获得了危险货物道路运输事故的时间分布、地域分布、路段分布、事故形态分布、事故原因分布等统计特征。研究结果表明,危险货物道路运输事故具有如下规律:早晨和上午(4时至12时)是事故多发时段;事故形态以单车事故为主,特别是车辆倾斜或侧翻事故为数最多;驾驶员处置不当和违法驾驶行为以及运输车辆机件失效是导致事故的最主要的两类原因。针对案例分析结果,提出预防危险货物道路运输事故、保障危险货物道路运输安全的对策与建议。     

Examining Hazard Mitigation Within the Context of Public Goods

/ This paper presents a case study of an American barrier island devastated by a hurricane to show how it is addressing the free-riding problem and protecting its public goods, thereby contributing to hazard mitigation. It examines hazard mitigation and the free-riding problem within the public goods framework. Free-riding is a term used in the public choice theory and common pool resource literature. It is a term used for describing the actions of rational individuals who freely exploit a collective or public good at the expense of others. Free-riding is a major problem faced by public goods. The problem very frequently occurs in the context of hazard mitigation and coastal resource management. Very little is known about the factors that contribute to the promotion of hazard mitigation. This paper identifies some of the important factors that help local institutions provide and sustain hazard mitigation measures. Theoretical and practical implications for hazards research and disaster management policy are presented.     

Century Perspective of Heavy Metal Use in Urban Areas. A Case Study in Stockholm

The inflow and stock (amount in use) of heavy metals (cadmium(Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn)) in goods in 1995 have been quantifiedin the anthroposphere of Stockholm, Sweden. Statistics on national, regional and local level were used. Contacts were established with representatives from production and constructionin the industrial sector and with authorities. The results show that the stock of Cd is 0,2 kg per capita. For the other heavymetals the corresponding result per capita is: Cr 8, Cu 170, Hg 0,01, Ni 4, Pb 73 and Zn 40 kg. The inflow varies between2–8%of the stock indicating the importance of the stock. The lowestlevels are for Cu and Pb. Heavy metal levels in solid waste are high, between 15–45% of the amount in the inflow (Hg excluded), the lowest values were for Cu and Pb. Thus, recyclingis incomplete. Long life expectancy goods form the majority of the stock but there is a tendency that short life expectancy goods increase their importance in the inflow. Concealedgoods are also more frequent in inflow than in the stock.     

Invisible Losses and the Logics of Resettlement Compensation

The necessity of compensating people negatively affected by conservation and other development projects has been widely acknowledged. It is less widely acknowledged that because conventional compensation assessments focus on material resources and their economic equivalents, many important losses incurred by resettlers are invisible to project authorities. Through ethnographic observations and interviews, we documented losses identified by people facing resettlement from Mozambique's Limpopo National Park. We also examined resettlement planning documents to determine why decision makers’ assessments of natural resource use and value neglect losses residents identified as critical. Identifying, preventing, and mitigating invisible losses in resettlement planning necessitates a better understanding of intangible benefits residents derive from resources, which are often as or more important than their readily apparent material properties. These benefits include but are not limited to decision‐making authority linked to owning land versus having the use of fields; ancestral identity and social belonging linked to gravesites; the importance of tree roots that provide a powerful sense of security because they suppress hunger in periods of scarcity; and the importance of people's location within social networks and hierarchies as they determine the benefits versus risks that will be incurred through resettlement. Pérdidas Invisibles y la Lógica de la Compensación de Repoblación     

The value of open ocean ecosystems: A case study for the Spanish exclusive economic zone

Valuing goods and services from open oceans provides arguments for the ocean's protection and plays an increasingly important role in debates on the use and management of natural resources. This paper identifies and estimates the monetary value of some of the most important goods and services provided by open oceans. The list of goods and services considered includes food production, raw materials, water supply, CO₂ regulation, bioremediation of waste, biomass and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, not only values associated with productive uses are quantified but also values assigned to other biological ecosystem services. This paper constitutes a first attempt in the open ocean literature at evaluating services such as water supply, biomass and biodiversity conservation. To obtain their monetary value, different techniques, some not applied before in this area, have been used depending on the ecosystem service to be evaluated. As a general criterion we use the concept of net value added (revenues obtained from the services less incurred costs). Our methodology is illustrated by estimating the monetary values of goods and services provided by the open ocean ecosystem of Spain as defined by its exclusive economic zone. The total economic value obtained measures the contribution of oceans to overall welfare and it may be an important instrument in managing open ocean ecosystems and developing environmental policies in the future.     

铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力评价研究

铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力是铁路危险货物办理站点服务水平与能力的直接体现。本文概述了铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力评价指标,主要包括辐射半径、辐射厚度、基础设施与服务方式、不同运输方式替代性等,并以此构建了铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力评价指标体系,通过对四川省境内铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力进行实证研究,以为政府根据城市发展要求合理规划铁路危险货物办理站点、提高服务水平提供依据。     

基于半定量的FRAM道路危险品运输事故分析方法研究*

为弥补事故分析法在道路危险品运输事故致因研究方面的缺失,解决传统事故分析方法分析结果不全面、防控措施不具体且针对性较差的问题,引入半定量功能共振事故模型（FRAM）,通过定量化功能上下游耦合变异性,阐述事故发生机理同时,找到系统关键功能和关键链路,制定防控措施重点监控。结果表明:基于半定量的FRAM道路危险品运输事故分析方法能够更快、更准确地找出事故发生的关键功能和关键链路,制定针对性防控措施,有效提高道路危险品运输系统安全性。研究结果可为道路事故分析提供参考。     

Is the Swedish environmental technology sector ‘green’?

The Environmental technology (ET) sector delivers environmentally preferably products. Little is known about whether companies in the ET sector set environmental objectives relating to their own production processes. This paper presents results from an online survey on environmental work in enterprises listed by the Swedish Environmental Technology Council (Swentec). The survey found that depending on the specific subsector, only between 21% and 45% of companies provide information about their environmental work on their website. This paper proposes environmental aspects of production and products as bases for corporate greening and for defining ‘green’ and ‘green-green’ business and identifies three main motivations for the companies within ET sector to operate as ‘green-green’ businesses: ‘competitive advantage’, ‘environmental responsibility’ and ‘environmental leadership’.