Century Perspective of Heavy Metal Use in Urban Areas. A Case Study in Stockholm

The inflow and stock (amount in use) of heavy metals (cadmium(Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn)) in goods in 1995 have been quantifiedin the anthroposphere of Stockholm, Sweden. Statistics on national, regional and local level were used. Contacts were established with representatives from production and constructionin the industrial sector and with authorities. The results show that the stock of Cd is 0,2 kg per capita. For the other heavymetals the corresponding result per capita is: Cr 8, Cu 170, Hg 0,01, Ni 4, Pb 73 and Zn 40 kg. The inflow varies between2–8%of the stock indicating the importance of the stock. The lowestlevels are for Cu and Pb. Heavy metal levels in solid waste are high, between 15–45% of the amount in the inflow (Hg excluded), the lowest values were for Cu and Pb. Thus, recyclingis incomplete. Long life expectancy goods form the majority of the stock but there is a tendency that short life expectancy goods increase their importance in the inflow. Concealedgoods are also more frequent in inflow than in the stock.     

Invisible Losses and the Logics of Resettlement Compensation

The necessity of compensating people negatively affected by conservation and other development projects has been widely acknowledged. It is less widely acknowledged that because conventional compensation assessments focus on material resources and their economic equivalents, many important losses incurred by resettlers are invisible to project authorities. Through ethnographic observations and interviews, we documented losses identified by people facing resettlement from Mozambique's Limpopo National Park. We also examined resettlement planning documents to determine why decision makers’ assessments of natural resource use and value neglect losses residents identified as critical. Identifying, preventing, and mitigating invisible losses in resettlement planning necessitates a better understanding of intangible benefits residents derive from resources, which are often as or more important than their readily apparent material properties. These benefits include but are not limited to decision‐making authority linked to owning land versus having the use of fields; ancestral identity and social belonging linked to gravesites; the importance of tree roots that provide a powerful sense of security because they suppress hunger in periods of scarcity; and the importance of people's location within social networks and hierarchies as they determine the benefits versus risks that will be incurred through resettlement. Pérdidas Invisibles y la Lógica de la Compensación de Repoblación     

The value of open ocean ecosystems: A case study for the Spanish exclusive economic zone

Valuing goods and services from open oceans provides arguments for the ocean's protection and plays an increasingly important role in debates on the use and management of natural resources. This paper identifies and estimates the monetary value of some of the most important goods and services provided by open oceans. The list of goods and services considered includes food production, raw materials, water supply, CO₂ regulation, bioremediation of waste, biomass and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, not only values associated with productive uses are quantified but also values assigned to other biological ecosystem services. This paper constitutes a first attempt in the open ocean literature at evaluating services such as water supply, biomass and biodiversity conservation. To obtain their monetary value, different techniques, some not applied before in this area, have been used depending on the ecosystem service to be evaluated. As a general criterion we use the concept of net value added (revenues obtained from the services less incurred costs). Our methodology is illustrated by estimating the monetary values of goods and services provided by the open ocean ecosystem of Spain as defined by its exclusive economic zone. The total economic value obtained measures the contribution of oceans to overall welfare and it may be an important instrument in managing open ocean ecosystems and developing environmental policies in the future.     

铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力评价研究

铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力是铁路危险货物办理站点服务水平与能力的直接体现。本文概述了铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力评价指标,主要包括辐射半径、辐射厚度、基础设施与服务方式、不同运输方式替代性等,并以此构建了铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力评价指标体系,通过对四川省境内铁路危险货物办理站点辐射力进行实证研究,以为政府根据城市发展要求合理规划铁路危险货物办理站点、提高服务水平提供依据。     

基于半定量的FRAM道路危险品运输事故分析方法研究*

为弥补事故分析法在道路危险品运输事故致因研究方面的缺失,解决传统事故分析方法分析结果不全面、防控措施不具体且针对性较差的问题,引入半定量功能共振事故模型（FRAM）,通过定量化功能上下游耦合变异性,阐述事故发生机理同时,找到系统关键功能和关键链路,制定防控措施重点监控。结果表明:基于半定量的FRAM道路危险品运输事故分析方法能够更快、更准确地找出事故发生的关键功能和关键链路,制定针对性防控措施,有效提高道路危险品运输系统安全性。研究结果可为道路事故分析提供参考。     

Is the Swedish environmental technology sector ‘green’?

The Environmental technology (ET) sector delivers environmentally preferably products. Little is known about whether companies in the ET sector set environmental objectives relating to their own production processes. This paper presents results from an online survey on environmental work in enterprises listed by the Swedish Environmental Technology Council (Swentec). The survey found that depending on the specific subsector, only between 21% and 45% of companies provide information about their environmental work on their website. This paper proposes environmental aspects of production and products as bases for corporate greening and for defining ‘green’ and ‘green-green’ business and identifies three main motivations for the companies within ET sector to operate as ‘green-green’ businesses: ‘competitive advantage’, ‘environmental responsibility’ and ‘environmental leadership’.     

港口危险货物装卸作业人员安全行为能力影响因素研究

为全面加强港口危险货物装卸安全管理工作,促进危险货物安全生产形势持续稳定好转,以江苏省危险货物水路运输企业为依托,在文献调研和专家咨询的基础上,提出港口危险货物装卸作业人员安全行为能力影响因素基本模型;以问卷调查的方式评测安全行为能力影响因素,运用SPSS软件对问卷进行信度、效度检验;最后基于问卷检验结果和基本模型,构建港口危险货物装卸作业人员安全行为能力影响因素结构方程模型,运用AMOS软件对各影响因素与安全行为能力关系进行路径分析,并得到各影响因素权重。     

2015年北京“阅兵蓝”特征及成因探讨

利用大气成分和气象要素观测数据,对2015年8~9月北京田径世锦赛和抗战胜利70周年纪念活动期间的北京PM_2.5浓度变化特征及其相关的大气污染气象条件进行了研究,并采用大气化学数值模式模拟了气象条件、减排措施和区域减排联合行动对北京PM_2.5浓度下降的作用和贡献.结果表明：纪念活动期间北京地区空气质量显著改善,PM_2.5平均浓度仅为18.7μg/m³,比前期8月1~19日下降70%,比2014年同期降低74.0%;东北冷涡长时间稳定少动为空气质量改善提供了良好的大气环流条件,北京地区混合层高度相比前期升高20%,相对湿度降低17%,风速增大7%,气象要素变化为庆祝活动期间PM_2.5浓度下降提供了良好的气象条件,尤其是地面主导风向转为偏北风后,阻止了北京城南及华北中南部地区的污染物输入北京城区;CAMx模式的模拟结果表明,与2014年同期相比,气象条件变化在北京PM_2.5浓度降幅中的贡献率达73%;纪念活动期间有无减排的模拟分析显示,在相同的气象条件下,减排措施使北京PM_2.5浓度下降约33%;期间北京PM_2.5来源以本地排放为主,本地的减排措施对改善空气质量的贡献率约为72%,周边地区减排的贡献率约为28%.     

稀有鮈鲫神经发育相关基因的克隆、同源性分析及组织分布

作为重要的本土模式鱼类,稀有鮈鲫神经发育相关的生物学背景几乎空白,导致其在神经毒性评价方面的应用受到限制。本文从稀有鮈鲫脑部克隆得到了神经发育相关的神经生长因子(nerve growth factor;ngf)、脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor;bdnf)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein;gfap)、髓鞘相关糖蛋白(myelin-associated glycoprotein;mag)、P0蛋白(myelin protein zero;mpz)、微管蛋白α1(α1-tubulin)和Y染色体性别决定基因10(SRY-box containing gene 10;sox10)等基因的片段,并对其进化树及表达谱进行了分析。序列分析表明,bdnf的核苷酸序列与鲫鱼、鲤鱼的同源性最高,均为98%;gfap、ngf、mag和α1-tubulin与斑马鱼的同源性最高,分别为95%、92%、92%和96%;mpz与黑头软口鲦的同源性最高,为94%;sox10与鳙鱼同源性最高,达97%。表达谱分析结果表明,ngf、bdnf、mag、mpz、α1-tubulin和sox10基因均在脑组织中表达量最高,gfap在脊髓中表达量最高,上述结果为这一模式鱼类在神经发育学和神经毒性效应评价方面的应用奠定了基础。     

Learning abatement costs: On the dynamics of the optimal regulation of experience goods

We study the introduction of new technologies when their costs are subject to idiosyncratic uncertainty and can only be fully learned through individual experience. We set up a dynamic model of clean experience goods that replace old polluting consumption options and show how optimal regulation evolves over time. In our base setting where social and private learning incentives coincide, the optimal tax on the polluting consumption is increasing over time. We show, however, that if social and private learning incentives diverge because the private discount rate exceeds the social discount rate, it may be optimal to temporarily increase the tax rate beyond net marginal external damages to induce more learning before reducing the tax rate to the steady state level. Alternatively, one could complement the tax with subsidies for first-time users which can be phased out over time. Similar results apply if consumers have biased expectations. We therefore give a rationale for introductory subsidies on new, clean technologies and non-monotonic tax paths from a perspective of consumer learning.