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181.
182.
Effective removal of coordinated copper from wastewater using a new dithiocarbamate-type supramolecular heavy metal precipitant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new dithiocarbamate-type heavy metal precipitant, sodium 1,3,5-hexahydrotriazinedithiocarbamate (HTDC), was prepared and used to remove coordinated copper from wastewater. In the reported dithiocarbamate-type precipitants, HTDC possesses the highest percentage of the effective functional groups. It could effectively precipitate copper to less than 0.5 mg l−1 from both synthetic and actual industrial wastewater containing CuEDTA in the range of pH 3–9. UV–vis spectral investigation and elemental analysis suggested that the precipitate was a kind of coordination supramolecular compound, [Cu3(HTDC)2]n. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and semi-dynamic leaching test (SDLT) indicated that the supramolecular precipitate was non-hazardous and stable in weak acid and alkaline conditions. Tests of an anion exchange resin D231 provided a clue to simultaneously remove excess HTDC and residual CuEDTA in practical process of wastewater treatment. 相似文献
183.
The use of a phosphorus amendment in altering Pb to a chemically less mobile phase is a promising strategy based on minimizing ecotoxicological risk and improving time and cost efficiency. This study evaluated crystalline and poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatite sorbents on removal of aqueous Pb in response to reaction time, solution pH, and Pb concentration. Batch experiments were conducted using a commercially-available crystalline hydroxyapatite (HA), and two poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatites synthesized from gypsum waste (CHA) and incinerated ash of poultry waste (MHA). Poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatites had greater capacity for Pb removal from a solution with a wider pH range as compared to a crystalline hydroxyapatite. The maximum sorption capacity of Pb determined by the Langmuir model was 500 mg g−1 for CHA, 277 mg g−1 for MHA and 145 mg g−1 for HA. Removal of aqueous Pb by CHA was not dependent on solution pH, with a 98.8% reduction throughout the solution pH range of 2–9, whereas aqueous Pb removal by HA and MHA was pH-dependent with less removal in the neutral solution pH. Poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatites may provide an effective alternative to existing remediation technologies for Pb-contaminated sites. 相似文献
184.
Kuang YW Zhou GY Da Wen Z Liu SZ 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(4):270-275
Goal, Scope and Background Rapid urbanization and the expansion of industrial activities in the past several decades have led to large increases in emissions
of pollutants in the Pearl River Delta of south China. Recent reports have suggested that industrial emission is a major factor
contributing to the damages in current natural ecosystem in the Delta area. Tree barks have been used successfully to monitor
the levels of atmospheric metal deposition in many areas, but rarely in China. This study aimed at determining whether atmospheric
heavy metal deposition from a Pb-Zn smeltery at Qujiang, Guangdong province, could be accurately reflected both in the inner
bark and the outer bark of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.). The impact of the emission from smeltery on the soils beneath the trees and the relationships of the concentrations
between the soils and the barks were also analyzed.
Methods Barks around the bole of Pinus massoniana from a pine forest near a Pb-Zn smeltery at Qujiang and a reference forest at Dinghushan natural reserve were sampled with
a stainless knife at an average height of 1.5 m above the ground. Mosses and lichens on the surface barks were cleaned prior
to sampling. The samples were carefully divided into the inner bark (living part) and the outer bark (dead part) in the laboratory,
and dried and ground, respectively. After being dry-ashed, the powder of the barks was dissolved in HNO3. The solutions were analyzed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and cobalt
(Co) by inductively coupled plasmas emission spectrometry (ICP, PS-1000AT, USA) and Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by graphite
furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS, ZEENIT 60, Germany). Surface soils (0–10 cm) beneath the sample trees were
also collected and analyzed for the selected metals.
Results and Discussion Concentrations of the selected metals in soils at Qujiang were far above their environmental background values in the area,
except for Fe and Mn, whilst at Dinghushan, they were far below their background values, except for Cd and Co. Levels of the
metals, in particular Pb and Zn, in the soils beneath the sample trees at Qujiang were higher than those at Dinghushan with
statistical significance. The result suggested that the pine forest soils at Qujiang had a great input of heavy metals from
wet and dry atmospheric deposition, with the Pb-Zn smeltery most probably being the source.
Levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni and Pb at Qujiang, both in the inner and the outer bark, were statistically higher than those
at Dinghushan. Higher concentrations of Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu may come from the stem-flow of elements leached from the canopy,
soil splash on the 1.5 m height and sorption of metals in the mosses and lichens growing on the bark, which were direct or
indirect results from the atmospheric deposition. Levels of heavy metals in the outer barks were associated well with the
metal concentrations in the soil, reflecting the close relationships between the metal atmospheric deposition and their accumulation
in the outer bark of Masson pine. The significant (p<0.01) correlations of Fe-Cu, Fe-Cr, Fe-Pb, Fe-Ni, Pb-Ni, and Pb-Zn in
the outer barks at Qujiang again suggested a common source for the metals. The correlation only occurred between Pb and Ni,
Cd and Co in the outer barks at Dinghushan, which suggested that those metals must possibly have other uncommon sources.
Conclusions Atmospheric deposition of the selected metals was great at Qujiang, based on the levels in the bark of Pinus massoniana and on the concentrations in the soils beneath the trees compared with that at Dinghushan. Bark of Pinus massoniana, especially the outer bark, was an indicator of metal loading at least at the time of sampling.
Recommendations and Perspectives The results from this study and the techniques employed constituted a new contribution to the development of biogeochemical
methods for environmental monitoring particularly in areas with high frequency of pollution in China. The method would be
of value for follow up studies aimed at the assessment of industrial pollution in other areas similar with the Pearl River
Delta. 相似文献
185.
In this paper, we investigate the presence of economies of scale in the global iron-making industry for integrated steel plants, iron making being the first stage in the steel-making process. Iron making depends on basic commodities, such as iron ore, coke and various forms of energy, required in the operation of the blast furnace, which can be classified as essential inputs and used in fixed proportions to produce iron. A generalized Leontief cost function is estimated using panel data for 69 integrated plants, such a specification being appropriate for technologies with essential inputs that are used in fixed proportions in production. A significant scale effect is observed due to the existence of fixed costs and a linear dependence of the cost function on production. Under a simple linear cost function, a rough estimate of the breakeven scale of plant, where costs equal revenue, is 4.5 Mt per year. Competitiveness, as measured by the ratio of plant average cost per tonne to best practice cost per tonne, can be shown to be positively related to the scale of production as well as the cost of essential inputs. Therefore, low-cost producers are also often producers with low raw material costs and production levels below the estimated breakeven scale of operation. Labor costs, although significant, are comparatively less important as a driver towards low costs. 相似文献
186.
187.
重金属超积累植物的研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
植物修复技术是治理土壤重金属污染的重要手段之一。在倡导绿色技术的今天,人们更看到了它的巨大潜力,而超积累植物则是该技术的关键。文章就超积累植物的概念、特征,修复机制,产后处置技术和开发现状作了详尽的叙述,并对今后超积累植物研究存在的问题和发展方向作了有益的探讨。 相似文献
188.
Katsuya Nakayama Kuchar Dalibor Keisuke Sakai Mitsuhiro Kubota Hitoki Matsuda 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2008,10(2):102-109
The present work focuses on investigation of the effective recovery of heavy metals from molten fly ash by applying chloride-induced
volatilization. In particular, the effect of unburned carbon on the chloride-induced volatilization of lead, zinc, and copper
from model and real molten fly ashes was investigated in the temperature range 873–1173 K under a N2 atmosphere. As a result, almost 100% of lead and a significant proportion of zinc were volatilized from the real molten fly
ash samples at 1173 K. In contrast, for the model fly ash, volatilization ratios of lead and zinc at 1173 K were only 85%
and 25%, respectively. Further, the results of X-ray diffraction analysis suggested that PbO in molten fly ash was converted
either to Pb2OCl2 or Pb by respective chlorination and reduction reactions. Meanwhile ZnO and CuO in the molten fly ash were reduced to Zn
and Cu by reaction with unburned carbon. Subsequently, Pb, Zn, and Pb2OCl2 were volatilized, but Cu remained in the solid residue. Finally, the volatilization ratio of zinc increased with the addition
of carbon, and more than 98% of zinc was volatilized at 1173 K from a fly ash with a carbon content of 20%. 相似文献
189.
污染土壤添加有机物质对黑麦草吸收铜的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
陈世俭 《生态与农村环境学报》2001,17(1):37-39
研究了泥炭和堆肥对铜污染土壤盆栽黑麦草吸收铜状况的影响。结果表明 ,黑麦草地上、地下部含铜量皆随土壤污染水平提高而增加 ,地下部的增幅远大于地上部 ;添加有机物质明显降低了黑麦草地上、地下部的含铜量 ,平均降幅近 3 0 %。泥炭降低黑麦草地上、地下部含铜量的作用随土壤污染水平的提高而逐渐变小 ,而堆肥的作用至重度污染水平仍较明显 ;在近 4 0 0mg/kg铜污染水平上 ,有机物质表现出最佳降低植株铜吸收量的效果。有机物质的控制作用与土壤pH有关 ,并在 3茬黑麦草的试验期间内得以维持 相似文献
190.
通过共存元素对土壤小麦系统Cd、Pb行为影响的调查研究发现:大田条件下共存元素以正对数模式与根系Cd、Pb密切相关,同种元素间相关程度最高;根系Cd、Pb积累主要取决于土壤环境Cd、Pb的含量,共存元素也产生一定的影响,认为要防止重金属通过食物链对人类的危害,就必须降低土壤环境中重金属的总量。 相似文献