京津冀国家干线公路污染空间特征分析

以国家干线公路交通量信息和单车排放因子为基础,基于GIS的路网线性参考系统,采用动态分段技术和核密度分析方法,从路段、污染物和车型这3个层次对2014年京津冀国家干线公路交通污染排放强度的空间差异进行分析.结果表明,车流量、车型构成和路网布局是引起排放强度空间分布差异的主要因素,排放强度高的路段集中在路网密度大且公路使用率高的京津地区,中小客车和特大货车对污染物排放强度影响显著.因使用燃料和车型的不同,NO_x、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)排放强度分布大体一致,HC、CO空间分布更为相似.此外,经济发展水平、产业结构特征也是重要影响因素.北京除特大货车和集装箱以外的其他车型排放强度均很高,天津货车和客车排放强度均较高,河北货车排放强度高于客车.     

乌鲁木齐城市群内部大气污染特征及趋势对比

为了更好地协调乌鲁木齐城市群内部环境、经济的可持续发展,采用2011—2013年乌鲁木齐市、阜康市、五家渠市、昌吉市、石河子市5个城市的API日数据、日气象数据、PM10、SO2、NO2日均浓度值,对比分析大气污染特征,首要污染物及其变化趋势,再结合经济因素、气象因素、城市群内部之间相互影响等讨论防止空气污染的措施。     

Organochlorine levels in viperine snake Natrix maura carcasses from the ebro delta (NE Spain): Sexual and size-related differences

Organochlorine compounds (PCBs, DDTs and HCB) in carcasses from a population of the Viperine Snake (Natrix maura) living in the Ebro Delta were analyzed. This is a wetland area on the Mediterranean coast where the natural ecosystem has been partially substituted by rice fields. High levels of pollutants (mainly DDTs and PCBs) have been detected in several species living in this area, due to the production of these compounds by a former industrial activity upstream as well as agricultural activity in the Delta. Organochlorines were analyzed in adult males and females, and in immature snakes. DDTs (mainly p,p′-DDE) were the most abundant pollutant present. The DDT/PCB ratio was higher than expected, which is consistent with the position of the Viperine Snake in the trophic web as well as the type of prey consumed. Immature snakes had more organochlorines than adults. However, the broad range of concentrations shown by immature snakes, suggested that part of the organochlorine load is transferred from gravid females to their eggs. In adults, organochlorine concentrations increased with carcass weight in both males and females. This increase was higher in males since females lost contaminants through fat investment during vitellogenesis. Seasonally, PCBs and DDTs levels increased in spring when snakes showed higher feeding activity, whereas higher levels of HCB were present at the end of summer, when the river input increased. Furthermore, HCB does not seem to biomagnify well across the trophic chain. Organochlorine concentrations in Viperine Snake carcasses were high since: 1) the dry tissue had less than 5% of fat, and 2) snakes were caught many years after the DDT ban, supporting the fact that cleaning of the ecosystem does not occur easily. These results indicate that snakes are adequate as indicators of the contamination in natural ecosystems but sex and body size of the samples should be taken into account for interpretation of results.     

Uptake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) by Broad Leaves: Analysis of Kinetic Limitations

A kinetic model for the uptake ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) wasdeveloped from the anatomical structure of broadleaves. The model, which is supported by fielddata, includes the uptake from two pathways: outercuticle pathway and stomatal pathway, and withgrowth rate incorporated as a dilution term. Allthe parameters for the calculation of total masstransfer coefficient, k_OL, were estimated fromthe conductance of water vapor diffusion throughleaves. The results indicate that the stomatalpathway is a dominant pathway for dry gaseousdeposition of POPs on leaves and the uptake fromouter cuticle pathway can be neglected for the PAHsof molar volumes larger than phenanthrene becauseof the rate limitation in outer layer cuticle. Model sensitivity analyses demonstrates that withinthe range of environmental conditions and normalleaf structure, the surface area in stomata has themost significant effect on the uptake rate. If thestomatal pathway is closed, the kinetics of uptakeare so slow that accumulation appears independentof compound lipophilicity or molecular size. Ineither case, the leaf growth rate has little effecton the predicted accumulation     

AnnAGNPS模型在九龙江流域农业非点源污染模拟应用

运用连续-分布式参数模型(AnnualizedAgriculturalNonPointSourceModel,AnnAGNPS)进行中国南方山区中等尺度流域———九龙江流域农业非点源污染负荷估算和对流域过程和管理措施的模拟.利用4个典型汇水区校正模型参数,并进一步在九龙江的北溪和西溪两大支流流域验证模型的适宜性.以此为基础模拟西溪总氮负荷为24.76kg/(hm²·a),总磷负荷为0.67kg/(hm²·a);北溪总氮负荷10.28kg/(hm²·a),总磷负荷为0.40kg/(hm²·a).运用AnnAGNPS模型对典型汇水区特定集水单元、西溪和北溪流域的土地利用管理措施进行分别模拟.模拟结果显示坡地种植退耕返林后,天宝仙都集水单元92地表径流、泥沙、总氮和总磷负荷可分别削减了21.6%、25.9%、96%和79.2%;下庄集水单元93地表径流、泥沙总氮和总磷负荷削减率分别为94.1%、54.9%、99.2%,和79.7%;模拟西溪香蕉地改种双季稻,西溪总氮、可溶态氮、总磷和可溶性磷依次削减了23.83%、25.44%、9.08%和19.84%;模拟北溪流域内生猪场全部搬迁,流域出口总氮和可溶态氮的削减率分别为63.54%和76.92%.     

珠江三角洲地区城市群发展对局地大气污染物扩散的影响

为探讨城市群发展对局地气象环境和污染物输送的影响,以珠江三角洲不同时期的下垫面为例,选取有利于和不利于污染扩散的较典型的气象条件,采用数值模拟手段,模拟并分析比较该地区城市群的形成与发展对城市气象环境、污染物分布、城市间污染物输送的影响.结果表明,重污染气象条件下出现长时间逆温现象,凌晨3 :0 0到6:0 0间逆温最强,强度约为2 1℃·hm- 1 ,逆温层厚度达3 0 0m .城市群的发展使得城市夜间的逆温强度增强,逆温持续时间增长;城市群的发展使得城市地区风速减小,重污染气象条件下广州小风区面积约增加2 8% ,佛山约增加45 2 % ,轻污染气象条件下增加较小;重污染气象条件时广州和佛山二氧化硫浓度一般大于45 μg·m- 3,城市群的发展使污染物扩散范围变小,对本地贡献率增大,对其它地区的贡献率减小;地区间氮氧化物和二氧化硫的输送基本量级为10 0 t·d- 1 到数10 1 t·d- 1 ,城市群的发展使污染物不易向外输送,在重污染气象条件时广州二氧化硫输出量由5 1 3 7t·d- 1 减小为42 81t·d- 1 .     

非均相Fenton反应技术研究进展

Fenton氧化法是较为常用的一种高级氧化技术。非均相Fenton反应适用的pH值范围较宽,能避免均相Fen ton反应产生铁泥沉淀的缺点,成为近年来Fenton反应的重要研究方向。本文对非均相Fenton氧化技术的研究现状及发展动态进行较为详尽的评述。     

太湖地区蠡河流域不同用地类型面源污染特征

以太湖上游蠡河流域为研究区,通过对面源污染为主子流域和城镇地表径流进行监测,结合GIS空间分析方法,分析了流域林地、耕地及城镇用地等土地利用类型的面源污染流失特征.结果表明,林地产出径流面源COD、TN和TP浓度分别为2.987±1.582,1.690±0.349,0.019±0.009mg/L;耕地的产出径流面源COD、TN和TP浓度分别为9.874±5.146,2.534±2.459,0.185±0.149mg/L;小城镇的产出径流面源COD、TN和TP浓度分别为7.729,1.790,0.117mg/L.蠡河流域的面源污染COD、TN和TP负荷量分别为919.9,306.0,13.5t/a.     

Lipophilic organic pollutants induce changes in phospholipid and membrane protein composition leading to Vero cell morphological change

Membrane damage related to morphological change in Vero cells is a sensitive index of the composite biotoxicity of trace lipophilic chemicals. However, judging whether the morphological change in Vero cells happens and its ratio are difficult because it is not a quantitative characteristic. To find biomarkers of cell morphological change for quantitatively representing the ratio of morphological changed cell, the mechanism of cell membrane damage driven by typical lipophilic chemicals, such as trichlorophenol (TCP) and perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS), was explored. The ratio of morphologically changed cells generally increased with increased TCP or PFOS concentrations, and the level of four major components of phospholipids varied with concentrations of TCP or PFOS, but only the ratio of phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) decreased regularly as TCP or PFOS concentrations increased. Analysis of membrane proteins showed that the level of vimentin in normal cell membranes is high, while it decreases or vanishes after TCP exposure. These variations in phospholipid and membrane protein components may result in membrane leakage and variation in rigid structure, which leads to changes in cell morphology. Therefore, the ratio of PC/PE and amount of vimentin may be potential biomarkers for representing the ratio of morphological changed Vero cell introduced by trace lipophilic compounds, thus their composite bio-toxicity.     

钢铁行业烧结烟气活性焦（炭）干法净化技术探讨

随着我国产业结构的调整,国家对钢铁行业烧结烟气污染物排放的控制力度不断加强。传统的以脱硫为主的单一污染物控制技术已经不能满足新的环境标准的要求,烧结烟气多种污染物协同处理技术的开发与应用已成为钢铁行业污染防治的必然要求。本文阐述了活性焦（炭）吸附法烧结烟气多污染物协同处理技术的工艺原理,并通过太原钢铁集团的工程应用实例证明了活性焦（炭）吸附法多污染物协同处理技术符合钢铁行业的发展需求,在我国具有广泛的应用前景。