A novel approach combining bootstrapped non-intrusive reduced order models and unscented transform for the robust and efficient CFD analysis of accidental gas releases in congested plants

The risk assessment for safety-critical, complex systems is a very challenging computational problem when it is performed with high-fidelity models, e.g. CFD, like in the case of accidental gas releases in congested systems. Within this framework, a novel CFD approach, named Source Box Accident Model, has been recently proposed to efficiently model such phenomena by splitting the simulation of the gas release and its subsequent dispersion in the system in two steps. In this view, the present paper proposes a non-intrusive, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition-Radial Basis Functions reduced order model that exploits the two-step nature of the SBAM approach, to mimic the behaviour of the original, long-running CFD model code at a significantly lower computational cost. Moreover, the paper presents a methodology combining the bootstrap and unscented transform approaches to efficiently assess the ROM uncertainty in the safety-critical simulation output quantities of interest, e.g. the flammable volume. The results obtained in a test case involving a high pressure, accidental gas release in an off-shore Oil & Gas plant are in very satisfactory agreement with those produced by CFD, with a relative error smaller than 10% and a reduction in the computational time of about three orders of magnitude.     

人工湿地污染物降解模型研究

近年来,人工湿地作为一种绿色、高效的污水处理技术,得到了长足发展和广泛应用。文章综述了人工湿地数学模型的研究进展,重点介绍国内外已成功应用的“箱式”模型和基于过程的模型的开发情况。同时分析了这两类模型的优缺点。建模的目的在于深入理解湿地内部污染物去除过程,从而优化设计参数,指导人工湿地在国内的实践应用。但现阶段,人工湿地去除污染物的内部机制尚未得到定量化,可见湿地模型的未来发展趋势在于对湿地内部过程的深入理解。     

关中平原城市群夏季城市热岛特征及驱动力

以2001~2017年夏季长时间序列的MODIS地温产品及相关数据为基础,使用Mann-Kendall非参数检验与Sen’s斜率分析法揭示了关中平原城市群地表热环境的时空变化趋势,利用主成分分析法构建城市热环境指数（UTEI）来表征地区热环境的优劣,借助地理探测器对影响地表温度（LST）的主要因子进行驱动力分析.结果表明,关中平原城市群2001~2017年间夏季白天平均LST为29.3℃,夜晚为18.3℃,白天和夜晚LST的变化率分别为-0.053和0.026℃/a,白天的降温幅度略高于夜间的增温幅度.地表热岛强度（SUHII）在17a间呈上升趋势,白天的增长速率大于夜间,老城区的SUHII大于新建城区.UTEI与LST之间存在显著的负相关,白天（P<0.05,R²=0.850）和夜晚（P<0.05,R²=0.624）都表现为二次曲线关系.因子探测分析表明,地表干度指数（NDBSI）、高程（DEM）与增强植被指数（EVI）是白天LST空间分异的主控因子（q>0.6）,夜晚LST受夜间灯光、DEM与气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的影响更大（q>0.4）.交互探测结果显示,DEM与NDBSI之间的交互效果在白天最好,DEM与夜间灯光之间的交互作用在夜间最大,任意双因子之间的交互作用优于单一因子的作用效果.本研究对于加强关中平原城市群地表热环境的监测与评价具有重要指导意义.     

地价模型在农用地基准地价评估中的应用——以宿州市埇桥区为例

以埇桥区农用地为研究对象，基于农用地分等定级成果，建立不同的地价模型并进行统计检验，得到农用地综合质量和农用地价格之间的最佳关系模型，揭示农用地的综合质量和农用地价格的统计规律。研究认为，在市场交易案例很少的情况下，建立地价模型进行基准地价的评估是科学的，在此基础上对农用地基准地价进行评估和实证分析。     

基于工业代谢的工业生态链梯级循环物质流研究

以工业代谢为理论基础,运用系统分析与建模的方法对工业生态系统中的企业及其所构建的工业生态链进行理论分析与描述,揭示了工业生态系统中物质代谢及循环流动机理,并提出了简化的工业生态链的梯级循环物质流模式及其数学表达模型,对我国开展工业生态研究具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

DROUGHT EPISODES MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF PRICE1

ABSTRACT: Municipal water utilities, when faced with drought conditions, typically impose a temporary water use restrictions program to achieve conservation goals. If water is sufficiently price-elastic, however, at least some of the problems associated with restrictions can be avoided by imposing a drought surcharge and allowing users to adjust voluntarily. This paper develops two sources of evidence on price elasticity in Honolulu, Hawaii, with the evidence suggesting that a drought surcharge will induce much of the desired conservation, especially when used with educational publicity.     

Numerical modeling of coupled variably saturated fluid flow and reactive transport with fast and slow chemical reactions

The couplings among chemical reaction rates, advective and diffusive transport in fractured media or soils, and changes in hydraulic properties due to precipitation and dissolution within fractures and in rock matrix are important for both nuclear waste disposal and remediation of contaminated sites. This paper describes the development and application of LEHGC2.0, a mechanistically based numerical model for simulation of coupled fluid flow and reactive chemical transport, including both fast and slow reactions in variably saturated media. Theoretical bases and numerical implementations are summarized, and two example problems are demonstrated. The first example deals with the effect of precipitation/dissolution on fluid flow and matrix diffusion in a two-dimensional fractured media. Because of the precipitation and decreased diffusion of solute from the fracture into the matrix, retardation in the fractured medium is not as large as the case wherein interactions between chemical reactions and transport are not considered. The second example focuses on a complicated but realistic advective-dispersive-reactive transport problem. This example exemplifies the need for innovative numerical algorithms to solve problems involving stiff geochemical reactions.     

Impacts of 21st‐Century Climate Change on Hydrologic Extremes in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America

Climate change projections for the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of North America include warmer temperatures (T), reduced precipitation (P) in summer months, and increased P during all other seasons. Using a physically based hydrologic model and an ensemble of statistically downscaled global climate model scenarios produced by the Columbia Basin Climate Change Scenarios Project, we examine the nature of changing hydrologic extremes (floods and low flows) under natural conditions for about 300 river locations in the PNW. The combination of warming, and shifts in seasonal P regimes, results in increased flooding and more intense low flows for most of the basins in the PNW. Flood responses depend on average midwinter T and basin type. Mixed rain and snow basins, with average winter temperatures near freezing, typically show the largest increases in flood risk because of the combined effects of warming (increasing contributing basin area) and more winter P. Decreases in low flows are driven by loss of snowpack, drier summers, and increasing evapotranspiration in the simulations. Energy‐limited basins on the west side of the Cascades show the strongest declines in low flows, whereas more arid, water‐limited basins on the east side of the Cascades show smaller reductions in low flows. A fine‐scale analysis of hydrologic extremes over the Olympic Peninsula echoes the results for the larger rivers discussed above, but provides additional detail about topographic gradients.     

青海省人口规模预测及人口发展对策研究

人口是社会的基础要素,人口规模及发展趋势预测对区域城市规划的制定和人口政策的调整具有重要的参考意义.综合运用灰色、阻滞增长、人口自然增长、回归分析四种数学模型对青海省2013--2030年人口规模及发展趋势进行预测,结果表明：未来青海省总人口将继续处于稳定增长状态,年平均人口增长率8.77‰,2020年青海省年末常住人口将达到621.11万人,2030年将达到676.25万人.针对青海省的省情和人口发展形势提出相应对策和建议.