西辽河不同粒级沉积物对磷的吸附特征

采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对磷的吸附特征.结果表明,不同粒级沉积物对磷的吸附特征圴符合Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式;黏粒级和粉粒级的磷饱和吸附量较大,分别为3791.12,2323.33mg/kg,分别相当于粗砂的6.68和4.09倍;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物吸附的磷是磷素循环的重要组成部分,西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒所携载的吸附态磷的理论入海通量分别为3791.12,2323.33mg/kg冲泻质泥沙.占沉积物磷吸附总量的28.30%.沉积物对磷的比表面积标化吸附分配系数与松结态腐殖质相关性最大,比表面积标化饱和吸附量与稳结态腐殖质相关性最大,在稳结态和紧结态腐殖质所形成的团聚体结构沉积物中存在孔隙填充方式的磷吸附.     

基于土壤酶总体活性评价铅锌尾矿砂坍塌区土壤重金属污染

为探讨利用土壤酶总体活性表征铅锌尾矿砂造成的土壤重金属污染程度,本文对阳朔思的村水稻田、柑橘园和玉米地土壤中铅、锌、铜、镉的有效态质量分数以及参与土壤碳、氮、磷循环的纤维素酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酶活性进行了测定。结果表明：供试土壤中镉、铅、锌的有效态质量分数（分别为2.39-4.42、173.71-221.66、140.11-244.10 mg＆#183; kg-1）均高于其全量在GB15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》中的Ⅱ级标准,分别是Ⅱ级标准值的9.56-14.73、2.18-2.77、0.77-1.22倍,并且土壤中有效态镉带来的潜在生态风险最高。为进一步评价铅锌尾矿砂给不同土地利用类型土壤带来的生态环境风险,在对土壤重金属有效态质量分数进行归一化处理后,发现土壤重金属污染程度从高到低依次为水稻田、柑橘园、玉米地。由于土壤中的重金属复合污染物铅、锌、铜、镉对土壤酶活性的影响既有抑制作用,又有激活作用,因此不同土地利用类型下的单一土壤酶活性状态与土壤所遭受的重金属污染程度呈现出不一致的变化规律。而以土壤总体酶活性指数对各样本进行分类,发现水稻田、柑橘园、玉米地的土壤总体酶活性指数分别为4.345、5.153、5.502,其结果与以重金属有效态归一化处理之后获得的综合污染指数划分结果呈反比,从而说明利用土壤总体酶活性指数来表征不同土地利用类型下的土壤重金属综合污染状况是切实有效的。     

Environmental regulation as a double-edged sword for housing markets: Evidence from the NOx Budget Trading Program

We investigate the effects of environmental regulations on housing markets using a quasi-experimental setting—the NO_x Budget Trading Program (NBP). Hedonic theory predicts that house prices should rise as pollution levels decrease. However, environmental regulations may also affect labor markets, and thus housing demand. Employing a difference-in-differences framework, we find that house prices shifted up in the regulated areas with low manufacturing intensity, whereas in the areas with high manufacturing intensity, housing markets were weakened. We also find that in high-manufacturing-intensity areas, loan application volume declined, rejection rate augmented, and the probability of loan default increased.     

Reducing carbon emissions in Portugal: the relative roles of fossil fuel prices,energy efficiency,and carbon taxation

We assess the role of fossil fuel prices, energy efficiency, and carbon taxation in achieving climate policy goals using a dynamic general-equilibrium model of the Portuguese economy. Given the forecasts for international fossil fuel prices, improving energy efficiency and implementing a new carbon tax have significantly different economic and budgetary effects. Greater energy efficiency reduces emissions and has a positive economic effect, but increases public and foreign debt. A carbon tax reduces emissions at a cost for the economy, but leads to positive effects on public and foreign debt. Thus, it is important to pursue both strategies. We estimate that under the reference-price scenario, a steady energy efficiency gain of 2%–2.5% per year and a carbon tax of at least 35 € per tCO₂ are needed to achieve the stated goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 by an amount equivalent to 40% of the emissions in 1990. These views were fully integrated in a proposal presented by the Commission for Environmental Tax Reform to the Portuguese Government in September 2014, and then discussed in Parliament in November 2014, before enacting a new carbon tax on 1 January 2015.     

京津冀大气污染变化规律及其与植被指数相关性分析

基于2017年逐时空气质量监测数据、归一化植被指数（NDVI）16 d合成数据以及社会经济数据,对京津冀大气污染特征进行了系统分析,并利用线性回归、地理加权回归模型等探讨了其变化规律与NDVI的关系,及其受社会经济因素的影响.结果表明：①京津冀地区大气污染整体表现为南高北低、平原高山区低的分布特征,由北向南递次升高,大气污染呈现出显著的空间异质性;②从季节变化看,呈现冬季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 夏季的总体规律,京津冀地区大气污染呈现出显著的时间异质性;③SO₂、NO₂、CO、PM_2.5、PM₁₀等污染物浓度均与NDVI值呈负相关关系;在气候、地形等自然条件较为一致的前提下,NDVI值越低人类活动干扰越明显、产业经济布局越集中,进而污染排放量越大,对空气质量产生显著负面影响;④NDVI指数一定程度上反映了土地利用、人口分布以及产业布局状况,而这些因素直接或间接决定着大气污染排放水平,进而能够指示区域的污染分布特征;⑤地理加权回归模型（GWR）计算结果表明,经济发展水平越高的地区NDVI与社会经济因子、PM_2.5等污染物浓度相关性越好.NDVI的分布可以大体反映社会经济发展水平.对PM_2.5的分布也有一定的指示作用.     

考虑材料应变率效应的冲击响应模型相似律研究

目的 研究考虑材料应变率效应的冲击响应模型相似律,获得一个能够综合材料弹塑性和应变率效应的精确相似解,支撑工程领域的模型试验。方法 根据BuckinghamΠ定理,综合考虑材料的弹性、应变硬化和应变率效应,进一步推导了工程结构在冲击响应的模型相似律表达式。在此基础上,提出改变结构质量和冲击器速度来满足模型相似律的方法。结果 相比最近冲击模型相似律的研究中存在近似相似、迭代求解的缺陷,该方法是一个显式、完全精确的相似解,并且能够同时考虑材料的弹性、应变硬化和应变率效应。采用圆板撞击的有限元数值模型进行了验证。结论 推导出的模型相似律能够准确地预测原型的动态冲击的响应。相比而言,使用以往的相似方法具有明显的误差。     

1998~2016中国八大经济区植被覆盖对PM2.5浓度时空分布的影响

目前很少有PM_2.5污染与植被覆盖的相关性深入研究,尝试对此进行补充.基于1998~2016年的PM_2.5和归一化植被指数（NDVI）的栅格数据,以中国内地八大经济区为研究对象,对NDVI值进行3个等级划分（低植被覆盖区、中植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区）,并计算相应等级的PM_2.5污染浓度.在此基础上,从NDVI的景观尺度和类型尺度分析PM_2.5污染的时空特征,然后利用面板数据模型定量化NDVI景观格局指数对PM_2.5的影响.结果表明：①北部沿海、东部沿海、南部沿海、长江中游和东北经济区在植被覆盖相对较低的区域,PM_2.5污染较严重;而黄河中游、西南地区及大西北经济区则在植被覆盖相对较低的区域表现出较轻的PM_2.5污染;②大部分区域的PM_2.5随时间变化呈显著上升趋势;③PM_2.5与NDVI景观格局指数相关性显著（P<0.05）的区域相对较少;④景观形状指数（LSI）、斑块面积比（PLAND）、斑块数量（NP）、最大斑块占景观面积比（LPI）和聚集度指标（AI）指数对PM_2.5的影响都表现出明显的空间异质性.     

Entitlements and the Wollo Famine of 1982–1985

The traglic recent events in Ethiopia and other parts of Africa have again foccussed attention on the different anaytical approaches to the problems iof famine. Perhaps the most important analytical contribution to this field has been Sen's "entitlements approach." One of the case studies Sen used to articulate this approach was of the 1972–1973 famine in Wollo Province, Ethiopia. This article provides a provisional assessment of the famine process in the Wollo during 1982–1985 to set against the analysis by Sen of the earlier famine. Some striking contrasts are revealed.     

Indigenous, Colonist, and Government Impacts on Nicaragua's Bosawas Reserve

Abstract:  We studied the impacts of colonists, two groups of indigenous residents (Miskitu and Mayangna), and management by the Nicaraguan Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) on the forest of the Bosawas International Biosphere Reserve. Indigenous people and colonists subsist on the natural resources of the reserve, and MARENA is responsible for protecting the area from colonization and illicit exploitation. Using geostatistical procedures and Landsat images at three different time periods, we compared per capita deforestation and boundary stabilization in areas with colonists and areas with indigenous peoples. We also examined whether the Mayangna deforested less than the Miskitu and whether the Nicaraguan government has effectively defended the Bosawas boundary against the advance of the agricultural frontier. In addition, we analyzed the current distribution of land uses within the reserve and its contiguous indigenous areas with a supervised classification of current land cover. Indigenous demarcations protected the forest successfully, whereas the Bosawas boundary itself did not inhibit colonization and consequent deforestation. Indigenous farmers deforested significantly less per capita than colonists, and the two indigenous groups in Bosawas did not differ significantly in their effects on the forest. Our results show that indigenous common-property institutions and indigenous defense of homeland have been powerful factors in protecting the forests of Bosawas and that the difficult evolution of a nested cross-scale governance system in Bosawas—under pressure from indigenous peoples—is probably the key to the forest ' s survival thus far.     

基于统计复杂度的分数阶欠阻尼双稳系统的随机共振研究

目的研究Gaussian白噪声作用下分数阶欠阻尼双稳系统的随机共振现象。方法采用统计复杂度方法探究分数阶导数、余弦信号的幅值及频率、阻尼系数等参数对分数阶系统随机共振效应的影响。结果当这些参数变化时,分数阶系统的统计复杂度曲线和标准Shannon熵曲线会产生不同的变化趋势,且在分数阶导数q=0.3时,系统最易发生随机共振现象。此外,当信号振幅增加至0.2时,可以增强随机共振效应;相反,信号频率增大至0.07时,可以削弱此现象。结论这些因素可以有效地调节分数阶双稳系统的随机共振现象。