Spatial pattern of impervious surfaces and their impacts on land surface temperature in Beijing, China

Land surface temperature （LST）, which is heavily influenced by urban surface structures, is a significant parameter in urban environmental analysis. This study examined the effect impervious surfaces （IS） spatial patterns have on LST in Beijing, China. A classification and regression tree model （CART） was adopted to estimate IS as a continuous variable using Landsat images from two seasons combined with QuickBird. LST was retrieved from the Landsat Thematic Mapper （TM） image to examine the relationships between IS and LST. The results revealed that CART was capable of consistently predicting LST with acceptable accuracy （correlation coefficient of 0.94 and the average error of 8.59%）. Spatial patterns of IS exhibited changing gradients across the various urban-rural transects, with LST values showing a concentric shape that increased as you moved from the outskirts towards the downtown areas. Transect analysis also indicated that the changes in both IS and LST patterns were similar at various resolution levels, which suggests a distinct linear relationship between them. Results of correlation analysis further showed that IS tended to be positively correlated with LST, and that the correlation coefficients increased from 0.807 to 0.925 with increases in IS pixel size. The findings identified in this study provide a theoretical basis for improving urban planning efforts to lessen urban temperatures and thus dampen urban heat island effects.     

滨海半城市化地区植被覆盖度的时空变化——以青岛市崂山区为例

基于青岛市崂山区1990、1997、2002、2008年四期TM遥感影像数据,利用遥感二分像元估算模型和归一化植被指数,定量研究了半城市化地区的植被覆盖度演化过程及其时空动态变化特征,结果表明:研究区植被覆盖度演变具有快速性、差异性和不稳定性特征;1990-1997年,植被平均覆盖度由48.71%下降到24.74%,是植被覆盖度下降最快时期;2002-2008年间,植被平均覆盖度由23.58%增加到44.49%,属于植被覆盖恢复时期。整体空间变化呈现分散和无序特征,地形因子显著影响植被覆盖度的分布及变化。从气候因素和人为活动影响两个方面分析了造成崂山地区植被覆盖度下降的原因,对降雨量与各地区植被覆盖度进行了相关性分析,划分出气候影响显著区域。最后通过主成份分析定量研究气候、人为因素对当地植被覆盖度的影响程度,结果发现城市化作用是造成植被覆盖度变化的主要因素。     

中国西北地区地表植被覆盖特征的时空变化及影响因子分析

归一化的植被指数(NDVI)自然正交分解结果显示,自上世纪80年代初期至1994年前后,中国西北部区域地表植被覆盖呈增加的过程;1994～2000年,地表植被覆盖状况开始退化,植被退化强度空间分布不匀.TOVS云覆盖数据与地表特征时间变化的一致性,间接证明1994年之后西北部地区植被退化的事实.通过降水和NDVI的相关分析,划分出西北地区地表植被覆盖变化气候影响显著区域、气候与人为影响共同作用显著区域.并从气候和人为影响2个方面分析了造成西北部地区地表植被覆盖状况下降的原因.在降水和NDVI相关显著区域,气候干旱因素是造成1994年后植被覆盖退化的主要原因;而黄河等流域1994年后植被退化的区域,气候干旱和人为活动因素是造成植被覆盖退化的主要因素.     

基于植被指数和地表反照率影响的北京城市热岛变化

利用TERRA/MODIS遥感反演的地表温度资料,对2000—2006年北京城市热岛季节变化特征进行了研究,结合同期降水量、植被指数和地表反照率变化,分析了该地夏季城市热岛的年际变化成因. 结果表明:北京多年四季热岛分布主要以城区为中心向周边郊区延伸,其中夏季城市热岛最强,春、秋和冬季较弱,这种热岛强度的季节性差异主要与太阳辐射强度、地表植被覆盖状况和城市人为热释放等的季节性变化密切相关. 北京夏季城市热岛的年际变化特征为:2005和2006年最显著,热岛中心强度分别为10.54和9.61 ℃;2002和2004年城市热岛最弱,热岛中心强度分别为6.54和7.39 ℃. 2000—2006年北京市夏季城市热岛具有明显增强趋势,热岛强度增温率为0.326 ℃/a. 北京夏季降水对城区地表温度影响大于郊区,降水主要通过影响城区地表温度来影响城市热岛变化;夏季地表植被和地表反照率变化对地表温度和城市热岛也均有较大影响. 2000年以来,北京郊区夏季地表植被指数增加率远高于城区,受地表植被和地表反照率变化的影响,郊区降温率明显大于城区,致使城郊温差增大,热岛效应加强.      

基于遥感的黑河流域生态环境变化特征及成因分析

使用2001~2017年MODIS-EVI产品和2001,2009,2017年Landsat数据提取的湿度指数（WI）、沙漠化指数（DI）、改进归一化水体指数（MNDWI）,并结合气象数据及其它数据,揭示黑河流域生态环境变化特征.结果显示：近17a来,研究区低、中高和高植被覆盖区的面积分别以36,29,132km²/a的速率增加,无植被、中植被覆盖区面积以185,11km²/a的速率递减,且夏季和上游植被覆盖度最高;2001~2009年流域水域面积扩大至3854.5km²,2009~2017年减少至2628.9km²,上游地区水体较多,水量由山岭向山麓递减,由西向东递增;流域湿度指数由2001年0.55上升到2017年0.65,高值中心主要位于上游地区和中游民乐县、山丹县以及金塔县;流域沙漠化程度先逆转后扩展,沙漠化土地主要分布于中游高台县、临泽县、金塔县和下游额济纳旗;流域气温、降水、潜在蒸散量和地区生产总值、第一产业、建成区面积及耕地面积是影响黑河流域生态环境变化的主要驱动因素.     

Price Determination and Efficiency in the Market for South Platte Basin Ditch Company Shares

Water scarcity presents an obstacle to economic development in the western United States. Water rights markets help improve water allocation, allowing states to derive the highest economic benefit from available resources, and supporting new uses and economic development. However, the implicit (marginal) prices of water rights attributes are uncertain. To address this problem, we apply econometric analysis to a unique dataset to estimate the implicit values that market participants place on the attributes of shares of ditch company water rights in Colorado's South Platte River Basin. Our analysis demonstrates that ditch company share buyers value proximity of water diversion, reliability of water deliveries, and temporal flexibility of water use. To assess reliability we introduce the use of the coefficient of variation to capture, in one variable, the randomness of supply from ditch company shares that are not a single water right, but a portfolio of rights with different appropriation dates. Finally, we test and correct for spatial autocorrelation for the first time in a study of water market prices.     

重金属暴露铜锈环棱螺全组织均一化cDNA文库构建及表达序列标签特征分析

构建cDNA文库是寻找生物新功能基因的有效手段.采用SM ART技术构建了重金属铜和镉暴露铜锈环棱螺全组织均一化cDNA文库,文库库容为1.78×106克隆,重组率大于99%.从初始文库中随机挑取6000个克隆进行测序,获得5 473个高质量表达序列标签(ESTs)序列.经聚类分析得到3 961个Unigene(平均长...     

Metal prices and the business cycle

Metal price fluctuations have recently been of interest not only because of their cyclical volatility but also of their interaction with business cycles. A related issue is whether metal prices move together sufficiently to collectively reflect macroeconomic influences. Correlation or the tendency for prices to move together has been termed “comovement”, where the commonality in prices reflects the tendency of commodity markets to respond to common business cycle and trend factors. Metal prices are known to respond to macroeconomic influences and the latter might well explain the common factor which causes them to move together. Our goal is to provide an estimate of the common factor in metal prices and to relate this factor to important macroeconomic influences. The prices we study are for aluminum, copper, tin, lead and zinc; the macroeconomic variables include industrial production, consumer prices, interest rates, stock prices, and exchange rates. Our results confirm that the common factor in metal prices can be related to such macroeconomic influences.     

不同土地利用类型的地表特征参量的遥感反演研究——以猫跳河流域为例

利用2007年5月Lansat5 TM数据,运用单通道算法,基于全国遥感监测土地利用/覆盖分类体系,对贵州省猫跳河流域的地表特征参量进行了反演,得到不同土地利用类型下的典型地表特征参数值。在3种主要的土地利用类型中,林地的植被指数最高、地表温度最低,农田的植被指数最低而地表温度最高,草地介乎林地和农田之间。城镇建设用地主要表现为热岛效应,而水域则主要表现为地表温度（LST）和归一化植被指数（NDVI）的双低特征。进一步对二级土地利用类型的分析表明,由于结构、功能的不同,土地利用二级类在地表特征参量方面也表现出了有规律地变化。有助于深入认识不同土地利用类型的物理特征,可以丰富主要土地利用类型的影像分类的先验知识,有望将不同土地利用方式的生态环境效应研究推进一步     

Project appraisal and planning for overdeveloped countries: II. Shadow pricing under uncertainty

In the uncertainty that surrounds the future availability of nonrenewable natural resources and the efficacy of technological advance, the economic costing of resources should be undertaken probabilistically. While optimistic assumptions entail little change from the costing procedures used in conventional cost-benefit analysis, even moderately pessimistic assumptions lead to a much increased cost for nonrenewable resources. These lead in turn to a reappraisal of the value of investment and of the cost ascribed to other factors of production. Even when optimistic assumptions are deemed the more plausible, a utility-maximizing evaluation may still give more emphasis to pessimism.