Estimation of emission reduction potential in China’s industrial sector

The industrial sector is usually the largest economy sector for carbon emissions in many countries, which made it the sector with greatest potential for carbon reduction although the process duration might be very long. Studying the potential of industrial emission reduction has great significance in estimating the carbon emission peak of China on the one hand, and adjusting its strategy in international climate change negotiations. By employing the economic accounting method, this article estimates the emission reduction potential of China’s Industrial sector for the period of 2010–2050. It reveals that, taking 2030 as the year when the emission reaches the peak, the total reduction can be 8.38 billion tons (bts) for the period of 2010–2030, with 3.12 bts from structural reduction while 5.26 bts from intensity reduction. Afterwards, reduction will continue with a total amount of 6.59 bts for the period of 2030–2050, where the structural reduction accounts for 2.47 bts, and intensity reduction 4.115 bts. If both industrial and energy consumption structures are improved during the above period, the reduction potential can be even greater, e.g. the emission peak can arrive five years earlier (in the year of 2025) and the peak value can decline by about 8% as compared to the original estimation. Reviewing the trajectory of emission changes in developed countries indicates that the industry sector can contribute to the overall reduction targets through the dual wheels of structural reduction and intensity reduction, even beyond the emission peak. This article concludes with the following policy suggestions. (1) Our estimation on the emission peak of the industrial sector suggests that China should avoid any commitment earlier than 2030 on the timeline of the overall emission peak; (2) the great potential of industrial emission reduction can improve the situation of China in climate change negotiation, where the intensity reduction can serve as an important policy option. (3) Reduction potential can be further enhanced through technology advancement, which requires furthering of market oriented reforms and improvement of institutional design. (4) To secure the reduction effects of the industrial structure adjustment, the balanced development among different regions should be encouraged in order to avoid the reverse adjustment caused by industrial transferring. (5) International cooperation promoting the application and development of industrial emission reduction technologies, including carbon capture, utilization and storage, should be encouraged.     

西苕溪干流水体、悬浮物和表层沉积物中营养盐分布特征与水质评价

了解不同介质的营养盐分布可以全面掌握河流的环境现状。为了调查西苕溪干流的营养盐分布特征和水质现状,沿着干流采集了11个点位的水体、悬浮物和表层沉积物样品,并对水体、悬浮物和表层沉积物中的营养盐特征进行了分析,拟为苕溪流域的水污染防治提供基础数据。研究表明:整个西苕溪干流,水体和沉积物中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)浓度均存在丰水期明显高于枯水期的季节变化特征,水体中总氮的浓度均超出地表水环境质量Ⅴ类的标准,显示氮污染是西苕溪流域的特点。相关性分析结果表明,悬浮物中的TN和有机质(OM)呈极显著性正相关(r=0.974,p0.01);水体中的TN和悬浮物的各营养盐指标之间的相关性均达到了极显著水平,但沉积物营养盐指标与水体的TN和TP相关性不明显,显示沉积物并不能很好反映流域水质的现状。     

淄博市涂装行业VOCs排放水平及减排潜力

为了评估淄博市涂装行业的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放水平和减排潜力,对3个具有代表性的涂装行业：汽车制造涂装行业、木制家具涂装行业和金属表面涂装行业的8个典型企业展开实地调研;在此基础上采用实测法、物料衡算法和排放因子法核算企业的VOCs排放量,建立本地化排放因子,并与包括AP-42在内的国内外其他研究进行对比,评估企业排放水平;基于物料衡算法核算减排潜力;并采用显著性差异分析法研究各环节管控的影响程度.结果表明,淄博市汽车制造行业VOCs的排放因子为4.38 kg ·辆^-1,木制家具涂装行业的排放因子（以涂料计）为212.52 g ·kg^-1,金属表面涂装行业的排放因子（以涂料计）为42.79 g ·kg^-1;家具企业C的源头减排潜力及金属G和F的过程减排潜力能够达到50%以上;各环节管控的影响程度从高到低依次为：源头>过程>末端.     

生物炭与土壤调理剂对滨海荒芜重盐碱地的改良效应

以土壤改良剂对荒芜重盐碱地生物改良和开发利用为研究目标,在华北低平原区滨海荒芜重盐碱地开展了施用生物炭（B）和调理剂（C）种植先锋作物油葵的大田试验.生物炭用量设2个水平（0和1.25 kg ·m^-2）调理剂施用量设3个水平,分别为0、0.83和1.66 kg ·m^-2,共6个处理.油葵收获后按照每30 cm一层采至90 cm搜集土样.结果表明,施用生物炭提高0~30 cm和60~90 cm土层含盐量,而土壤调理剂则显著降低0~30 cm土壤含盐量.没有发现生物炭或调理剂对土壤pH有显著影响.生物炭处理显著抑制土壤硝化作用,导致0~90 cm土层NO₃^--N含量显著下降,NH₄⁺-N含量提高,对有机质（SOM）含量没有显著影响.施用土壤调理剂提高0~30 cm土壤SOM含量,调理剂施用量为1.66 kg ·m^-2时0~90 cm土层的NO₃^--N含量显著增加.单施生物炭与调理剂或者二者组合均显著增加0~90 cm土壤NH₄⁺-N含量、有效磷（Olsen-P）含量和有效钾（K_ex）含量,但生物炭对这3种养分含量的提升效果更显著,土壤调理剂则在增加0~30 cm土壤有机质和降盐方面更有效.施用高量调理剂促进土壤硝化作用,而施用生物炭恰恰起到硝化抑制剂的作用,因此,将生物炭与土壤调理剂结合施用,是滨海荒芜重盐碱地防止NO₃^--N淋失、减少环境污染、增肥降盐并保障耐盐先锋作物高肥低盐生长环境的有效措施.     

浙江省畜禽养殖污染减排对策研究

浙江省畜禽养殖总体数量大、规模小、布局分散,严重影响浙江省水环境质量和农村生态环境质量。本报告以浙江省水环境质量状况、畜禽养殖业调查资料、现状实测数据为研究依据,通过剖析污染结构特征和空间特征,得出浙江省畜禽养殖污染的特点、存在问题及污染物总量减排存在的主要困难。根据各类污染产生机理和排污特征,参考点源污染物排放总量控制的传统思路,探索畜禽养殖污染减排的途径与管理政策集成,推广来端治理与源头控制相结会的生态减排理念．     

Effects on nano zero-valent iron reactivity of interactions between hardness, alkalinity, and natural organic matter in reverse osmosis concentrate

Nanoscale zero-valent iron （NZVI） is considered to have potential to reduce nitrate in the concentrate generated by high pressure membrane processes aimed at water reuse. However, it is necessary to verify the effect of the matrix components in the concentrates on NZVI reactivity. In this study, the influence of hardness, alkalinity, and organic matter on NZVI reactivity was evaluated by the response surface method （RSM）. Hardness （Ca/＋） had a positive effect on NZVI reactivity by accelerating iron corrosion. In contrast, alkalinity （bicarbonate; HCO3） and organic matter （humic acid; HA） had negative effects on NZVI reactivity due to morphological change to carbonate green rust, and to competitive adsorption of HA, respectively. The validity of the statistical prediction model derived from RSM was confirmed by an additional confirmation experiment, and the experimental result was within the 95% confidential interval. Therefore, it can be indicated that the RSM model produced results that were statistically significant.     

美人蕉生态护坡对径流污染净化作用的初步研究

2010-04-10月,研究了合肥市南淝河美人蕉生态护坡对河道的水质改善作用。试验用水取自南淝河,TSS、TN、NH4+-N、TP和COD的平均浓度分别是94.1,5.42,2.98,0.202和55.5 mg/L,河水经流生态护坡后,相应的平均去除率分别为:76.4%,45.6%,57.5%,40.1%和29.0%。另外,考察了植物对土壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量的影响,美人蕉护坡微生物的数量显著多于无植物坡岸(p<0.01),微生物总数分别为:3.17×107和0.830×107cfu/g。由此,植物护坡兼具净化和生态景观效应。     

中国“十一五”期间污染减排费用-效益分析

为了定量评估“十一五”期间COD、SO2两项主要污染物减排的综合绩效,采用费用-效益分析方法对COD、SO2的减排费用和减排效益进行了计算.减排费用的计算主要基于现有的统计数据,包括工业污染源治理投入、城市环境基础设施建设投入、污染治理设施运行费用3部分.减排效益的计算思路则为:由于污染减排的直接效果体现为污染物排放量的减少,而污染排放量的减少将导致环境污染损失的减少,因此,将由于实施污染减排政策减少污染排放而降低的“环境污染损失”来等同“污染减排效益”.经过计算可知,“十一五”期间,COD、SO2的静态削减率分别为12.45％和14.29％,动态削减率分别为59.05％和86.83％.采用费用-效益分析方法计算得到“十一五”期间全国污染减排的总费用为6324.87亿元,总效益为33284.86亿元,净效益为26959.48亿元,费用效益比为5.26.结果表明,“十一五”期间,全国2项污染物减排的环境效益和经济效益显著.     

Mn/TiO2和Mn-Ce/TiO2低温脱硝催化剂的抗硫性研究

在低温选择性催化还原(SCR)反应条件下考察了烟气残余SO2对Mn/TiO2和Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂选择性催化还原活性的影响,同时对SO2的影响机理进行了探讨.结果发现,Mn/TiO2催化剂在SO2反应气氛中失活很快,硫铵盐的沉积和活性组分的硫酸化是催化剂失活的重要原因;Ce的加入可以有效地抑制催化剂活性组分的硫酸化,同时还能降低硫酸盐在催化剂表面的稳定性,从而可以提高催化剂的抗硫性.     

退化过程中翅碱蓬湿地营养元素变化特征研究

在双台子河口选取4块样地,分别代表恢复中、长势良好、退化严重的翅碱蓬湿地和裸露的光滩,于2009年6月、2009年9月、2010年4月(代表夏季,秋季,春季)分别采集表层土壤与植物样品。通过对翅碱蓬生物量、N、P、有机质含量及土壤N、P、有机质含量的测定,分析了翅碱蓬湿地退化过程中土壤及植物营养元素的变化规律。结果表明:春季各种类型翅碱蓬湿地土壤的有机质(分别为1.88%、1.89%、1.19%、1.13%)和总磷(分别为496.30、498.75、435.97、404.57 mg/kg)含量顺序为:长势良好≈光滩>退化中>恢复中,同该类型湿地的演替顺序一致,说明湿地的退化导致土壤C、P素大量损失。翅碱蓬湿地的退化引起翅碱蓬植株生长状态的变化,导致同一种湿地植物植株中N、P、有机质含量在不同退化类型湿地中的分布存在明显差异,说明湿地的退化,已经明显的影响到N、P、有机质的生物地球化学循环。