土壤养分空间估测方法研究综述

土壤养分是土壤提供的植物生长发育所必需的营养元素。由于受到自然因素和人为因素的共同作用,土壤养分具有高度的空间变异性。土壤的这种特性不仅表现在区域尺度上,而且也表现在田块尺度上。在研究方法上经历了从传统统计学到地统计学,再到神经网络、地理信息技术以及高精度曲面建模等新方法的不断改进过程。文章从地统计学方法引入到土壤养分空间变异研究中为出发点,论述了国内外基于地统计学的土壤养分空间变异的研究现状,主要包括利用地统计学方法来确定合理的土壤采样数目,土壤养分空间变异的定量化研究,土壤养分空间变异的尺度效应;然后简述了神经网络、地理信息技术、高精度曲面建模等技术在土壤养分空间变异研究中的研究现状和应用。最后对比分析了各种研究方法在应用中存在的缺陷,同时指明了今后应加强作物生长的不同时期土壤养分的空间变异性、土壤在四维空间尺度上的演变机理以及环境信息获取的不确定性等方面的研究。     

AFTER THE 1993 FLOOD: A WATER AND SURFICIAL BED SEDIMENT QUALITY SCENARIO ON THE ILLINOIS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RWERS1

ABSTRACT: Effects of the 1993 flood on river water and sediment quality were investigated using historical data and data collected from the Illinois River and Upper Mississippi River in a post‐flood period. Overall the post‐flood results showed systematic reductions and individual changes in the water and sediment constituents. The reductions in sediment metals and nutrients were most obvious at the Keokuk and Lock and Dam 26 stations. By analyzing and comparing the physical changes to the changes in water and sediment constituents at each station, it was found that physical processes such as sediment entrainment and, more importantly, the removal of fine sediment to be the main causes for the reduced concentrations in sediment constituents. On the other hand, sediment redistribution and associated secondary contamination could have caused the emergence of several water and sediment constituents that were undetected before the flood.     

营养盐对湄洲湾海洋细菌生长及降解石油烃的影响

测定从湄洲湾海域分离的烃细菌在添加和不添加N、P营养盐的海水培养基的生物量及对原油和纯烃的降解作用.结果表明,营养盐对不同菌株的生长及代谢有不同的影响.添加N、P营养盐,试验菌PF-6（Pseudomonas fluorescens 6）的生物量增大,而PA-32（P.aeruginosa 32） 的生物量却减少.在初始原油浓度均为1g/L的摇瓶试验中,添加N、P营养盐培养6d,PF-6菌与PA-32菌的除油率分别为25%及26%,而不添加N、P营养盐时,PF-6菌与PA-32菌的除油率分别为21.4%及36.3%.经气相色谱测定,在以正十六烷和萘两种纯烃组成的培养基,营养盐对两个菌株降解正十六烷的影响仍然不同,但在不添加N、P营养盐时,两个菌株对萘均有较高的降解率.无需添加N、P营养盐能正常生长并降解石油烃的菌株,在海洋油污的生物修复中具有应用前景.     

Integrated Modular Modeling of Water and Nutrients From Point and Nonpoint Sources in the Patuxent River Watershed1

Abstract: We present a simple modular landscape simulation model that is based on a watershed modeling framework in which different sets of processes occurring in a watershed can be simulated separately with different models. The model consists of three loosely coupled submodels: a rainfall‐runoff model (TOPMODEL) for runoff generation in a subwatershed, a nutrient model for estimation of nutrients from nonpoint sources in a subwatershed, and a stream network model for integration of point and nonpoint sources in the routing process. The model performance was evaluated using monitoring data in the watershed of the Patuxent River, a tributary to the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland, from July 1997 through August 1999. Despite its simplicity, the landscape model predictions of streamflow, and sediment and nutrient loads were as good as or better than those of the Hydrological Simulation Program‐Fortran model, one of the most widely used comprehensive watershed models. The landscape model was applied to predict discharges of water, sediment, silicate, organic carbon, nitrate, ammonium, organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, organic phosphorus, phosphate, and total phosphorus from the Patuxent watershed to its estuary. The predicted annual water discharge to the estuary was very close to the measured annual total in terms of percent errors for both years of the study period (≤2%). The model predictions for loads of nutrients were also good (20‐30%) or very good (<20%) with exceptions of sediment (40%), phosphate (36%), and organic carbon (53%) for Year 1.     

Anuran Development, Density and Diversity in Relation to Agricultural Activity in the Holland River Watershed, Ontario, Canada (1990–1992)

Significantly lower anuran species diversity and density was recorded in a vegetable growing area relative to upstream and downstream sites in the Holland River watershed, Ontario, Canada. Egg hatching success and tadpole deformity rates of American toads (Bufo americanus americanus), green frogs (Rana clamitans melanota) and northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) eggs in water from field sites and control water were assessed. Compared to the control and the upstream site, the total abnormality rate (unhatched eggs plus deformed tadpoles) was higher for American toads in water from the agricultural and downstream sites. Total abnormality was higher in green frog eggs in water from the agricultural site and a downstream site. Trace concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides were detected most often in agricultural zone water and sediments than in upstream and downstream sites. Organochlorine pesticide residues, especially in agricultural zone samples, exceeded the no effect level guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Ammonia, phosphorus, particulates, BOD and TKN were highest in the agricultural zone. Significant correlations between these parameters and anuran development suggest nutrient run-off as a causal or contributing factor in lower anuran diversity, density and reproductive success of American toads and green frogs in the site dominated by agriculture.     

The Effect of Sewage Discharge On Water Quality Off the Coast of Alexandria in Spring and Summer

Water samples were taken from 7 transects at El-Anfushy, Eastern Harbour, El-Ebrahymea, Stanly, Gleem, Sidi-Bishr and El-Asafra along the coast off Alexandria. the area lies between latitude 31°10' and 31°20' N and longitude 29°55' and 30° E. Nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, urea, dissolved inorganic phosphate, silicate and pH values were measured with average values 1,13, 0.43, 1.41, 1.21, 1.71, 7.16 μmol l^-1, respectively. the investigated area is considered to be eutrophic. Levels of nutrients measured in 1991 are all significantly higher than those found in the same area in 1976.     

Effects of soil properties, mulch and NPK fertilizer on maize yields and nutrient budgets on ferralitic soils in southern Benin

Four on-farm experiments examined whether modest applications of fertilizers in combination with prunings from native agroforestry trees would be an alternative to maintain the fertility of ferralitic soils in Benin. An application of about 1.9 t ha⁻¹ dry matter of mulch of Senna siamea combined with 30 kg N ha⁻¹, 22 kg P ha⁻¹ and 25 kg K ha⁻¹ as compound fertilizer was compared with (1) 60 kg N ha⁻¹, 43 kg P ha⁻¹ and 50 kg K ha⁻¹ as compound fertilizer alone, (2) mulch of S. siamea alone (about 3.2 t ha⁻¹ dry matter), and (3) a control treatment. Criteria were soil properties, yields, nutrient uptakes, and nutrient budgets. Application of sole mulch had no significant effects (P>0.05) on maize yields, while combined application of prunings and NPK fertilizers or sole NPK increased yields significantly (P<0.05). The most limiting nutrient was P. The local maize cultivar was efficient in P uptake, but not in internal nutrient utilization efficiency; mulch increased significantly the internal P utilization efficiency (P<0.05). Soil properties were interpreted with the QUEFTS (quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils) computer program. The predicted and measured yields were almost the same for maize without NPK. The measured responses to NPK were much lower than the responses calculated by QUEFTS. The calculated nutrient budgets were split into balances for available nutrients and for those not immediately available (NIA). Nutrient budgets were negative for the control and sole mulch treatments, and positive for the NPK treatments. Mulch improved the balances of NIA nutrients. The present experiment could not prove that combining NPK with mulch is the best option for sustainable agriculture. It may be more economical to apply lower rates of fertilizer to local maize than those applied in the two NPK treatments in the present study.     

浅水湖泊营养盐的释放

对浅水湖泊中营养盐释放的影响因素分别进行了综述和讨论,并认为水动力过程和水-土界面的铁、锰、硫循环与沉积物中磷释放的关系应该给予足够的重视.     

岷江上游干旱河谷区褐土不同亚类剖面及养分特征

研究了岷江上游干旱河谷区典型地段海拔梯度上褐土的3种亚类土壤剖面及其养分特征．岷江上游干旱河谷褐土粘化作用较弱，矿物风化程度低；土壤呈碱性，pH值为7．0-9．0，富含碳酸钙的石灰性褐土达8．0-9．0；土壤表层有机质w在32．55-72．78g／kg，整个土壤剖面中全氮w0．78-4．00g／kg，全磷w0．33-0．68g／kg，全钾18．24-21．68g／kg．总的来说，褐土潜在肥力水平较高，但由于土壤水分条件的限制，土壤潜在性肥力向有效性肥力转化的能力较差，致使土壤有效性肥力水平较低．其中，土壤有效氮和有效钾w分别为25．57-24．46g／kg和研8．24-1453．65g／kg，同时由于土壤pH值和碳酸钙w较高，土壤中磷的固定较多，使得土壤有效磷w尤其偏低，为1．10-21．20g／kg．干旱河谷高海拔地区的淋溶淀积型褐土的肥力水平高于中海拔地区的石灰性褐土，低海拔地区的燥褐土肥力水平最低．土壤肥力随海拔高度升高而递增，决定了干旱河谷植被恢复从高海拔地区向低海拔地区更容易进行．表3参13     

应用土壤肥力系统研究法诊断芒果国土壤的矿质营养

广东省赤红壤垦种芒果后，土壤的矿质营养状况基本上改善不大，地力产量仍然很低。应用土壤肥力系统研究法诊断土壤营养元素的结果表明，其缺素效应排序为：Ｎ＞Ｐ、Ｃａ＞Ｋ＞Ｍｇ；土壤Ｆｅ和Ｃｕ无缺素反应，而Ｓ、Ｂ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｏ和Ｚｎ有个别土样显示缺素效应，对这些元素丰缺的确切结论，有待进一步研究。