TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE LOXAHATCHEE RIVER ESTUARY,SOUTHEASTERN FLORIDA, 1979–811

ABSTRACT: Concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon in the Loxahatchee River estuary decreased with increasing salinity in a manner indicating that mixing and dilution of freshwater by seawater was the primary process controlling the down-stream concentrations of nutrients. Most of the nutrients in the surface freshwater inflows entered the estuary from five major tributaries; however, about 10 percent of the total nitrogen and 32 percent of the total phosphorus were from urban stormwater runoff. The input of nutrients was highly seasonal and storm related. During a 61-day period of above average rainfall that included Tropical Storm Dennis, the major tributaries discharged 2.7 metric tons of total phosphorus, 75 metric tons of total nitrogen, and 1,000 metric tons of organic carbon to the estuary. This period accounted for more than half of the total nutrient load from the major tributaries during the 1981 water year (October 1, 1980, through September 30, 1981). Inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen increased relative to total phosphorus and nitrogen during storm runoff. Nutrient yield from the basin, expressed as grams per square meter of basin area, was relatively low. However, because the basin area (544 square kilometers) is large compared with the volume of the estuary, the basin might be expected to contribute significantly to estuarine enrichment were it not for tidal flushing. Approximately 60 percent of the total volume of the estuary is flushed on each tide. Because the estuary is well flushed, it probably has a large tolerance for nutrient loading.     

CHLOROPHYLL,PHOSPHORUS, SECCHI DISK,AND TROPHIC STATE1

ABSTRACT: The relationship between chlorophyll u, total phosphorus, secchi disk depth, and trophic state were examined using data on U.S. lakes collected by U.S. EPA's National Eutrophication Survey. By comparing predicted secchi disk depths with observed summer secchi disk depths in 757 lakes, it was determined that in many lakes non-chlorophyll related light attenuation is important in controlling the amount of chlorophyll u produced per unit of total phosphorus. Ranking of 44 lakes by 18 different trophic state measurements and single and multivariable indices were compared with rankings provided by mean summer ambient total phosphorus and chlorophyll u. The trophic state measurements and indices were much more successful in ranking the lakes against total phosphorus than chlorophyll u, indicating that there are differences in the relative trophic rankings of many of the lakes depending upon whether primary nutrients or biological manifestations are used as the ranking mechanism. If the manifestations of nutrients rather than their absolute levels are the primary criteria for beneficial use of lakes, the use of many of the commonly employed trophic state measurements, which assume or imply that there is a constant relationship between total phosphorus or secchi disk and chlorophyll, can lead to erroneous conclusions and unnecessary costly management controls. Secchi disk measurements may be more useful as a predictor of ambient lake total phosphorus concentrations than of chlorophyll.     

NONPOINT SOURCE DISCHARGES OF NUTRIENTS FROM PIEDMONT WATERSHEDS OF CHESAPEAKE BAY1

ABSTRACT: We measured annual discharges of water, sediments, and nutrients from 10 watersheds with differing proportions of agricultural lands in the Piedmont physiographic province of the Chesapeake Bay drainage. Flow-weighted mean concentrations of total N, nitrate, and dissolved silicate in watershed discharges were correlated with the proportion of cropland in the watershed. In contrast, concentrations of P species did not correlate with cropland. Organic P and C correlated with the concentration of suspended particles, which differed among watersheds. Thus, the ratio of N:P:Si in discharges differed greatly among watersheds, potentially affecting N, P or Si limitation of phytoplankton growth in the receiving waters. Simple regression models of N discharge versus the percentage of cropland suggest that croplands discharge 29–42 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1 and other lands discharge 1.2–5.8 kg N ha^-1 yr^-1. We estimated net anthropogenic input of N to croplands and other lands using county level data on agriculture and N deposition from the atmosphere. For most of the study watersheds, N discharge amounted to less than half of the net anthropogenic N.     

Primary Productivity in the Golden Horn

The shores of the Golden Horn—once most important seaport of the region—represented throughout history a romantic and recreational venue. This tributary to the Bosphorus, however, became seriously polluted with the extensive industrialization and rapid population growth in Istanbul over the past century. Two main tributaries, the Alibeykoy and the Kagithane, dumped both liquid and solid waste from residential areas and industry (small and large-scale) into the Golden Horn. As a result of this pollution, the landward three to four kilometers of the estuary became swamped with sediment. The dominance of anaerobic activity resulted in a highly unpleasant smell, and the shallow depth as one progressed up the bay restricted navigation. In early 1997 The Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality began a dredging operation and gradually diverted all domestic and industrial wastewater discharge from the Golden Horn. Since then there have been remarkable improvements in water quality. This paper presents the state of eutrophication through the water body of the Golden Horn; parameters such as DO, TKN, NH₃-N, NO₃-N, the total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved phosphorus (PO₄-P), phytoplankton and chlorophyll-a have been were analyzed in samples of water taken from various points in the Golden Horn. The presence of DO and the phytoplankton, both indicators of primary productivity in an aquatic body, has been evaluated in relation to former conditions.     

A hydrologic network supporting spatially referenced regression modeling in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a methodology for statistically relating nutrient sources and land-surface characteristics to nutrient loads of streams. The methodology is referred to as SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW), and relates measured stream nutrient loads to nutrient sources using nonlinear statistical regression models. A spatially detailed digital hydrologic network of stream reaches, stream-reach characteristics such as mean streamflow, water velocity, reach length, and travel time, and their associated watersheds supports the regression models. This network serves as the primary framework for spatially referencing potential nutrient source information such as atmospheric deposition, septic systems, point-sources, land use, land cover, and agricultural sources and land-surface characteristics such as land use, land cover, average-annual precipitation and temperature, slope, and soil permeability. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed that covers parts of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington D.C., SPARROW was used to generate models estimating loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus representing 1987 and 1992 land-surface conditions. The 1987 models used a hydrologic network derived from an enhanced version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's digital River Reach File, and course resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A new hydrologic network was created to support the 1992 models by generating stream reaches representing surface-water pathways defined by flow direction and flow accumulation algorithms from higher resolution DEMs. On a reach-by-reach basis, stream reach characteristics essential to the modeling were transferred to the newly generated pathways or reaches from the enhanced River Reach File used to support the 1987 models. To complete the new network, watersheds for each reach were generated using the direction of surface-water flow derived from the DEMs. This network improves upon existing digital stream data by increasing the level of spatial detail and providing consistency between the reach locations and topography. The hydrologic network also aids in illustrating the spatial patterns of predicted nutrient loads and sources contributed locally to each stream, and the percentages of nutrient load that reach Chesapeake Bay.     

Heavy Metal Uptake By Scirpus Littoralis Schrad. From Fly Ash Dosed and Metal Spiked Soils

Scirpus littoralis is a wetland plant commonly found in Yamuna flood plains of Delhi, India. The ability of Scirpus littoralis to take up and translocate five metals- Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb from fly ash dosed and metal spiked soils were studied under waterlogged and field conditions for 90 days. Scirpus littoralis accumulated Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb upto a maximum of 494.92, 56.37, 144.98, 207.95 and 93.08 ppm dry wt., respectively in below ground organs (BO) in 90 days time. The metal content ratios BO/soil (B/S) were higher than shoot/soil ratios (T/S) for all the metals, the highest being for Ni. Metal ratios BO/water (B/W) were also higher than shoot/water (T/W) ratios but the B/W ratio was maximum for Zn. The changes in nutrient status (N, P) in soil water and plants were also studied at interval of 30 days. The Pearson's correlation between metal uptake and N, P uptake were calculated. All the metals except Ni showed negative correlation with nitrogen but they were all non-significant. However, P uptake showed positive correlations with all the metals and all were significant at 1% confidence limit.     

白洋淀沉积物氨氮释放通量研究

白洋淀沼泽化趋势不断加重,本文分析了沉积物氨氮释放风险与水质效应,评估沉积物中氨氮交换通量对上覆水体水质产生的重要影响.结果表明:白洋淀淀区表层水氨氮(NH_4~+-N)平均浓度在0.0~0.49 mg·L~(-1)之间,硝氮(NO_3~--N)平均浓度维持在0.09~0.20 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)浓度范围为1.40~4.52 mg·L~(-1),淀区水质在V类水平和劣V类水平.沉积物NH_4~+-N的平均含量在61.1~160.6 mg·kg~(-1),NO_3~--N含量整体平均值较低,范围在4.3~9.0 mg·kg~(-1),TN含量平均值在1555~4400 mg·kg~(-1)之间.整个白洋淀淀区表层沉积物孔隙水中NH_4~+-N浓度明显高于上覆水浓度,NH_4~+-N存在从沉积物向上覆水释放的风险.淀区沉积物-水界面潜在NH_4~+-N扩散通量范围为-9.3~38.3 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),NH_4~+-N潜在内源释放风险非常高.烧车淀区、南刘庄区、圈头区的潜在NH_4~+-N平均释放通量达到10.0 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)以上.为了避免白洋淀沼泽化过程加快,水质氮污染需要采取相应措施进行有效控制,而控制沉积物NH_4~+-N的内源释放是其中的关键环节.     

巢湖西部河口区沉积物氮磷分布特征与原位扩散通量估算

选取巢湖西部重污染入湖河口区,研究表层沉积物氮磷污染特征,并运用Fick定律估算沉积物-水界面氮磷原位扩散通量.结果表明:南淝河、派河、十五里河河口表层沉积物总氮平均含量达到2208.17 mg·kg~(-1),氮形态以有机氮为主,占比达到90%以上.表层沉积物总磷平均含量为704.59 mg·kg~(-1),其中铁铝结合磷、活性有机磷和钙镁结合磷分别占比27%、28%和18%.河口区水体氨氮浓度从上覆水到孔隙水中总体呈上升趋势,沉积物表层(0~5 cm)孔隙水中氨氮平均浓度为25.42 mg·L~(-1),是上覆水中的7倍.沉积物孔隙水中硝氮与正磷酸盐浓度在垂向上随深度的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势,在沉积物-水界面附近达到浓度最高值.3个河口沉积物孔隙水中氮磷营养盐均向上覆水扩散,其中氨氮扩散通量分别为25.87、74.85与18.08 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1).硝氮与正磷酸盐扩散通量较低,范围分别在1.38~2.78和0.011~0.024 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)之间.总体上看,巢湖西部河流入湖河口区表层沉积物氮污染严重,且存在较高的氮磷营养盐释放风险,应是巢湖富营养化控制过程中重点关注的区域.     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤养分空间变异特征及其影响因素

了解表层土壤有机质与全量养分的空间变异规律及其影响因素,能够为黄土高原生态脆弱带的土壤养分管理提供参考。基于王东沟的93个野外采样点,综合多种地统计学方法,分析了土壤养分的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区表层土壤养分含量处于中等水平,空间变异大小依次为全磷>全氮>有机质>全钾,均由结构性因素主导;有机质、全氮较全磷、全钾变异尺度小、空间自相关性弱、空间复杂程度高。有机质、全氮的分布格局为南高北低,主要影响因素包括海拔、坡度、曲率和土地利用;全磷呈现相反的北高南低分布,海拔、坡度、土地利用、土壤机械组成和人类活动对其影响较大;全钾则为内部高四周低,分布较破碎,坡向和土壤机械组成作用较强。据此建立了9个环境因子与土壤养分之间的回归预测模型,以期为研究区土壤资源的可持续利用提供数据支持。     

三峡消落带适生植物根系活动调控土壤养分与细菌群落多样性特征

植物通过根系分泌修饰根际土壤微环境.从植物根系-土壤-微生物三者密切关联的根际土壤微环境角度,研究三峡消落带植被修复重建后根部土壤微生态动态特征,对于认识和评估消落带退化土壤环境的生态修复工作具有重要意义.从三峡库区忠县石宝寨汝溪河消落带植被修复示范基地采集人工植被中4种优势植物落羽杉(Taxodium distichum)、立柳(Salix matsudana)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)和牛鞭草(Hemarthria altissima)的根际与非根际土壤,探究其根际与非根际土壤的养分含量与酶活性差异,同时通过高通量测序进行细菌群落多样性分析,以阐明三峡消落带不同物种逆境胁迫下的生长适应性以及养分利用策略.结果表明:①三峡库区消落带4种适生植物根系活动导致根际与非根际土壤养分含量产生显著差异,主要表现为根际土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮以及有效磷的显著富集,而钾素在不同物种间的根际效应变化趋势并不一致;②蔗糖酶、脲酶以及酸性磷酸酶在4种适生植物中均表现出正向根际效应(R/S1),但由于不同物种生理特征的差异,不同物种根系活动对3种土壤酶的激活效应存在差异;③高通量测序结果显示,库区4种适生植物根际与非根际土壤细菌群落多样性特征并无显著差异,变形菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、放线杆菌门、拟杆菌门、浮霉菌门、蓝藻门、厚壁菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、芽孢杆菌门、未知细菌门以及泉古菌门在消落带4种适生植物根部土壤环境中相对丰度最大,对于4种适生植物的营养吸收、疾病抵抗以及消落带逆境适应均发挥着重要的作用.