“Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models” by Dale M. Robertson and David A. Saad2

Richards, R. Peter, Ibrahim Alameddine, J. David Allan, David B. Baker, Nathan S. Bosch, Remegio Confesor, Joseph V. DePinto, David M. Dolan, Jeffrey M. Reutter, and Donald Scavia, 2012. Discussion –“Nutrient Inputs to the Laurentian Great Lakes by Source and Watershed Estimated Using SPARROW Watershed Models” by Dale M. Robertson and David A. Saad. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐10. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12006 Abstract: Results from the Upper Midwest Major River Basin (MRB3) SPARROW model and underlying Fluxmaster load estimates were compared with detailed data available in the Lake Erie and Ohio River watersheds. Fluxmaster and SPARROW estimates of tributary loads tend to be biased low for total phosphorus and high for total nitrogen. These and other limitations of the application led to an overestimation of the relative contribution of point sources vs. nonpoint sources of phosphorus to eutrophication conditions in Lake Erie, when compared with direct estimates for data‐rich Ohio tributaries. These limitations include the use of a decade‐old reference point (2002), lack of modeling of dissolved phosphorus, lack of inclusion of inputs from the Canadian Lake Erie watersheds and from Lake Huron, and the choice to summarize results for the entire United States Lake Erie watershed, as opposed to the key Western and Central Basin watersheds that drive Lake Erie’s eutrophication processes. Although the MRB3 SPARROW model helps to meet a critical need by modeling unmonitored watersheds and ranking rivers by their estimated relative contributions, we recommend caution in use of the MRB3 SPARRROW model for Lake Erie management, and argue that the management of agricultural nonpoint sources should continue to be the primary focus for the Western and Central Basins of Lake Erie.     

可持续性约束下开放流域系统氮磷环境承载力研究

随着我国有机污染物控制力度不断加大,氮磷营养盐逐步凸显为流域环境质量改善与经济社会发展的重要约束因子.如何以流域氮磷环境承载力为约束,实现经济社会优化发展已成为我国流域环境管理面临的主要难题.传统的环境承载力研究局限于流域内部的自然资源约束和经济社会优化,忽略了流域内外物质交换对承载力的影响,结果往往以牺牲外部可持续性为代价.基于开放系统视角,本研究提出可持续性约束下的流域氮磷环境承载力概念与测度方法,认为流域氮磷环境承载力是指在流域内外氮磷营养盐交换平衡的前提下,流域水环境氮磷含量达标情况下所能承载的最大人口规模.以氮磷污染严重的滇池流域为例,构建了氮磷环境承载力优化模型,得到滇池湖体氮磷达标和流域内外氮磷交换平衡约束下流域的最大人口承载能力为538万人,相对于现状2010年可提升32%;此外,外流域调水、氮磷循环利用率和污水外排等措施对承载力有显著影响.     

Effects of As on As uptake,speciation, and nutrient uptake by winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） under hydroponic conditions

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arsenic （As） stress on growth, nutrition and As uptake, and speciation in shoots and roots of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Winter wheat has high tolerance to As. Most As is accumulated in the roots, and an As concentration of 4,421 mg/kg was observed at a solution concentration of 20 mg/L As. Arsenic concentrations in roots were approximately 40-100 times greater than those in shoots. Arsenic in winter wheat roots and shoots occurred as both As^3＋ and As^5＋ species, although As^3＋ was the main species in winter wheat tissues. Arsenic significantly decreased the biomass of winter wheat shoots and roots and affected absorption and transport of micro- and macro-elements in winter wheat tissue. Arsenic treatment significantly increased the concentrations of total Magnesium （Mg） and calcium （Ca） in shoots and enhanced the transport of Mg and Ca from roots to shoots but decreased potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, and phosphorus （P） concentrations in both shoots and roots, particularly the concentration of P. Concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc in winter wheat shoots were negatively related to As rates, with correlation coefficients （R^2） of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively.     

Hydrobiogeochemical Controls on Riparian Nutrient and Greenhouse Gas Dynamics: 10 Years Post‐Restoration

Little is known about the impact of agricultural legacy on subsurface biogeochemical processes in the years following restoration of riparian wetlands (WLs). More knowledge is also needed on the relative importance of seasons, precipitation events, and inputs of water and nutrients driving nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and greenhouse gas (GHG) (N₂O, CO₂, CH₄) dynamics in these systems. This investigation of a riparian zone comprising a restored WL area and a nonrestored well‐drained alluvium (AL) area in the United States Midwest revealed that despite successful hydrological restoration a decade earlier, biogeochemical conditions in the WL area remained less anoxic than in natural WLs, and not significantly different from those in the AL area. No significant differences in N, P, S, and C compound concentrations or fluxes were observed between the AL and WL areas. Over the duration of the study, nitrate (NO₃^?) and soluble reactive phosphorus appeared to be primarily driven by hillslope contributions. Ammonium (NH₄⁺), sulfate (SO₄^2?), and CO₂ responded strongly to seasonal changes in biogeochemical conditions in the riparian zone, while N₂O and CH₄ fluxes were most influenced by large rewetting events. Overall, our results challenge overly simplistic assumptions derived from direct interpretation of redox thermodynamics, and show complex patterns of solutes and GHGs at the riparian zone scale.     

长三角地区农田土壤养分空间变异及养分综合评价

以浙江宁波三七市镇的一块面积为 2562 hm2 的农田为研究区域,运用地统计学与GIS相结合的手段和方法对其土壤养分的空间变异特征展开研究。结果表明,5种养分要素的空间变异函数曲线的理论模型符合指数模型;速效钾、有机质和pH值的C0/(C0+C)<25%,表现出强烈的空间相关性,碱解氮和有效磷的C0/(C0+C)为25%~75%,具有中等的空间相关性。通过Kriging插值并依据养分的分级标准,所得的空间变异图能很好地反映农田土壤养分的空间变异特征和丰缺状况,几种养分要素中,碱解氮、有效磷和有机质含量总体丰富,而速效钾的含量处于中低水平,pH值较低,土壤呈现酸性。利用主成分分析结合空间插值的方法,还可以对研究区的土壤养分的综合状况进行评价。研究结果可为当地以及长江三角洲同类型地区在科学施肥、实行养分的分区管理以及农业面源污染的控制方面提供一定的科学依据和借鉴参考。