初春苦草腐解过程中营养盐释放过程及规律

采用室内模拟方法研究初春温度条件下苦草在腐解过程中碳、氮和磷的释放过程,研究沉水植物衰亡过程中营养盐的释放规律.结果表明,在初春温度条件下,苦草迅速腐解,向水体释放大量碳、氮和磷.随着时间的推移,苦草向水体释放的磷大部分沉积进入底泥,而氮则是部分沉积进入底泥,部分以气体形式移出水体.苦草腐烂分解产生的厌氧条件和大量有机碳的供给促进了水体反硝化作用并加快氮素移出水体.较大的生物残留量会引起水体缺氧,同时产生大量营养盐,导致水质严重恶化,因此需要适时收割水生植物来控制水体残留生物量.     

Modeling forest floor contribution to phosphorus supply to maritime pine seedlings in two-layered forest soils

The quantitative contribution of the forest floor to P nutrition of maritime pine seedlings was experimentally determined by Jonard et al. (2009) in a greenhouse experiment using the radio-isotopic labeling. To extend the results of the experiment on a known mineral soil, a modeling approach was developed to predict P uptake of maritime pine seedlings growing in a mineral soil covered with a forest floor layer. The classical nutrient uptake model based on the diffusion/mass-flow theory was extended to take into account mineralization of P in dead organic matter, microbial P immobilization and re-mineralization and P leaching. In addition, the buffer power characterizing the P retention properties of the mineral soil was allowed to vary with time and with the P-ion concentration in solution. To account for increasing root competition with time, a moving boundary approach was implemented. According to the model, the forest floor contributed most of the P supply to the seedlings (99.3% after 130 days). Predicted P uptake was consistent with observed P uptake and modeling efficiency was 0.97. The uptake model was then used to evaluate the impact of the P retention properties of the mineral soil on the contribution of the forest floor to P uptake. Simulations showed that the contribution of the forest floor was much lower in the quasi non-reactive soil (45.7%) but rapidly increased with soil P reactivity.     

Duckweed: an effective tool for phyto-remediation

Effective wastewater treatment through conventional methods that rely on heavy aeration are expensive to install and operate. Duckweed is capable of recovering or extracting nutrients or pollutants and is an excellent candidate for bio-remediation of wastewaters. Such plants grow very fast, utilizing wastewater nutrients and also yield cost effective protein-rich biomass as a by-product. Duckweeds being tiny surface-floating plants are easy to harvest and have an appreciable amount of protein (15%–45% dry mass basis) and a lower fiber (7%–14% dry mass basis) content. Besides nutrient extraction, duckweeds has been found to reduce total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand in wastewater significantly. Depending on the initial concentrations of nutrients, duckweed-covered systems can remove nitrate (NO₃^?) at daily rates of 120–590 mg NO₃^? m^?2 (73%–97% of initial concentration) and phosphate (PO₄^?) at 14–74 mg PO₄^? m^?2 (63%–99% of initial concentration). Removal efficiencies within 3 days of 96% and 99% have been reported for BOD and ammonia (NH₃). Besides several genera of duckweeds (Spirodela, Lemna, Wolffia), other surface-floating aquatic plants like water hyacinth (Eichhornia) are well known for their phyto-remediation qualities.     

一稻两鸭共作对稻田土壤养分动态的影响

鸭稻共作是有效减少化肥和农药施用的重要技术,对稻田土壤养分消耗具有一定的缓冲和调控作用。但在鸭稻共作有机生产模式中,外源性化肥投入的缺乏常常成为水稻高产的限制因素。为更好地解决有机种植中土壤养分供应的问题,对常规鸭稻共作进行了调整,建立了2种＂一稻两鸭＂共作生态农业模式。通过田间试验对常规稻作、常规鸭稻共作、一稻两鸭轮养及一稻两鸭套养4种种植模式下的土壤养分进行定位监测。结果表明：相对于常规稻作,3种鸭稻共作模式均能在一定程度上提高土壤全钾、全氮的含量,同时减小碱解氮的消耗。与比生产前期相比,生产结束后常规水稻种植模式下土壤有机质含量有所下降,而3种鸭稻共作模式下土壤有机质含量比生产前期均有不同程度的增加。4种种植模式下土壤全磷含量在生产结束后均有不同程度的下降,然而一稻两鸭套养和一稻两鸭轮养模式下土壤全磷含量的降低程度低于常规稻作。早稻生产结束后,一稻两鸭套养和一稻两鸭轮养模式下的土壤全磷含量比常规稻作分别高出13.53%和11.01%。与常规鸭稻共作模式相比,一稻两鸭轮养和套养模式增加了全氮以及全钾有机物的积累,同时减缓了碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的下降。晚稻生产结束后,一稻两鸭套养模式下土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量分别比常规鸭稻共作模式高出3.7%,10.39%和7.59%。产量测定结果表明,早稻时期一稻两鸭套养模式下的水稻产量比常规鸭稻共作模式高12.90%,晚稻时期则比常规鸭稻共作高12.19%。一稻两鸭共作模式中,由于两批鸭子的存在,其排便和中耕作用几乎贯穿于水稻的整个生长发育过程,因此培肥效果与常规鸭稻共作相比有了进一步的提高,对系统内的养分循环利用起到了更好的促进作用。     

果树树干补钙技术与效果

通过对果树树干进行注射补钙技术与效果的研究结果表明：补钙时期、补钙剂量不同,其产生的效果各异。利用树干注射补钙技术可增加果实中的钙含量,延长果品贮藏期,增加单果重,防止柚子、樱桃等果实的裂果病。该技术具有使用安全补钙效果好、易操作、成本低、应用范围广等特点。     

共培养体系中石莼和江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响

研究共培养体系中2种大型海藻石莼(Ulva pertusa)和江蓠(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)的鲜组织和培养液滤液对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)生长的影响.结果发现:①石莼和江蓠均能明显影响赤潮异弯藻生长,鲜组织的作用更明显,能在短时间内完全灭杀共培养的赤潮异弯藻;石莼对微藻的影响强于江蓠的作用.②除菌作用和补充充足的碳酸盐不能消除或缓解石莼和江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响,说明细菌和碳限制不是导致大藻对微藻作用的原因.③对共培养体系中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的跟踪测定结果显示,营养盐限制不是造成石莼对赤潮异弯藻影响的原因,但却在江蓠的作用中起重要作用.当向江蓠体系中补充f/2营养盐后发现,充足的营养盐能够减轻但不能完全消除江蓠对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响.另一方面,石莼的起始浓度与其对赤潮异弯藻的生长影响之间存在明显的相关性,石莼的起始浓度越高,对赤潮异弯藻的影响越明显.④实验初步说明,石莼可能通过相生相克作用影响共培养体系中赤潮异弯藻的生长,而相生相克和营养竞争的共同作用是导致江蓠作用的根本原因.     

N和P对东海中北部浮游植物的影响研究

调查海域浮游植物种类丰富,海水富营养化趋势明显.采用通径方法分析2001～2003年春夏季数据,在众多环境因子中,N、P含量及其组成与浮游植物关系最为密切,是影响浮游植物的数量和种类组成变化的首要因子.硅藻和甲藻对各种N的利用能力不同,是硅藻在调查海域占据绝对优势的重要原因;在同一季节中,硅藻和甲藻利用不同层次的氮盐,减少了两者间的竞争压力.高NO3-N/TIP对某些种类具有抑制作用,对甲藻而言,这种抑制作用更为明显.NO3-N/TIP在10～20、NH4-N/TIP或NO2-N/TIP小于1时,浮游植物的多样性最为丰富.NO2-N/TIP对硅藻的种类数变化几乎没有影响,而与甲藻的种类数成正相关.     

大叶碎米荠的开发与利用

我国野菜资源十分丰富,野菜大多具有较高的营养保健作用,开发潜力大,市场前景十分广阔。大叶碎米荠在民间食用较多,但其开发利用还未引起人们的重视。主要介绍了大叶碎米荠的营养价值、药用价值及其开发利用方式。     

Soil acidification and foliar nutrient status of Ontario's deciduous forest in 1986 and 2005

To assess the impacts of the decline in sulphur (S) deposition over the past 20 years in Ontario, soil chemistry and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) foliar chemistry were measured at 17 sites in south and central Ontario in 2005 and compared with archived samples collected in 1986. Foliar S concentrations were lower in 2005, reflecting the decline in S deposition whereas foliar N remained unchanged, reflecting the lack of change in N deposition in Ontario. Mineral soil pH, exchangeable base cations were lower in 2005 whereas total S, N and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were unchanged. Foliar concentrations of Ca were positively related to soil Ca levels in the A-horizon and were lower in 2005. Despite evidence of increasing soil acidity and losses of calcium, foliar base cation concentrations at most sites were adequate for sugar maple and forest health in terms of canopy appearance (Decline Index) improved.