螺-草水质净化系统氮素环境归趋的实验研究

通过构建螺-草模拟系统并利用稳定同位素示踪技术研究池塘螺-草水质净化系统中氮素的环境归趋,结果表明,以底泥为基质的螺-草系统中,实验结束后苦草湿重增加了580%,分株数增加了6.6株,苦草根部吸收储存了1.07%的15N,苦草茎叶吸收储存了7.74%的15N,环棱螺吸收储存较少,只占0.06%,底泥滞留了5.73%的15N.结果分析表明：螺-草水质净化系统中苦草对水体中溶解态氮的吸收较少,沉积物是苦草生长的主要营养源;水体中氨氮主要通过沉积物-水界面进行迁移转化,大部分被苦草根系吸收利用转化为生物体,少部分通过硝化/反硝化作用去除,其余则滞留于沉积物;苦草是系统中氮素去除的最终载体,环棱螺的存在通过促进苦草生长及加强泥-水界面硝化和反硝化作用来加快系统中氮素的去除.因此,在养殖的不同阶段合理配置螺-草结构是整个养殖过程中水质调控的关键.     

混作在黄土母质生土改良中的应用

以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验,研究小麦与3种豆科牧草及油菜混作对根际土壤生物活性及土壤营养的影响.结果表明,黄土母质生土混作较单作可显著促进根际土壤微生物的繁衍、酶活性及土壤营养的提高,且在混作根土系统中,三大微生物种群数量、多种土壤酶活性以及土壤N、P、有机质营养之间均存在显著或极显著的正向相关关系.4种混作处理以豌/麦根际土壤综合效应较好,可作为生土改良的首选混播作物.结果还显示,在小麦生长期内,混作根际微生物数量与酶活性及根际土壤营养均随生育进程呈前低—中高—后低的抛物线变化.研究为混作复合群体应用于黄土母质生土地改良提供了理论参考.图3表1参23     

西藏土地资源承载力的现实与未来——基于膳食营养当量分析

土地承载力是人地关系的基础表征,开展土地承载力评价可以为实施农业空间治理、制定农业发展政策等提供参考。以西藏自治区为例,基于人体每日所需热量、蛋白质和脂肪评价土地的现实承载力及其变化。评价结果表明：（1）西藏自治区土地承载指数从2004-2016年一直维持在80.66%~89.84%之间,处于平衡有余状态。（2）未来西藏自治区土地承载指数将会持续保持在87.5%之上,呈现先升后降的变化态势,在2032年达到峰值,届时土地承载指数将会超过92.56%;此后将会持续下降,在2050年将低于90%。以土地承载力评价为基础,根据未来食物消费需求变化和西藏自治区的自然条件,提出不增加农牧业开发强度,保持农牧业生产空间规模稳定,并逐步优化调整农牧业发展结构,适度降低粮食种植面积,在适宜地区扩大蔬菜、瓜果种植,以及发展草牧业经济等建议。     

3种腐熟剂促进玉米秸秆快速腐解特征

为筛选出适宜东北寒冷区快速腐解秸秆的腐熟剂,通过网袋腐解试验明确施入3种秸秆腐熟剂对玉米秸秆生物量及养分释放的影响。结果显示：经过100 d的腐解,玉米秸秆生物量失重率随着时间的延长逐渐增加,玉米秸秆失重率为57.1%-64.1%,其中以施用3号秸秆腐熟剂的玉米秸秆生物量失重率最高,为64.1%。施入不同秸秆腐熟剂后玉米秸秆氮、磷、钾释放率分别为35.1%-57.2%、44.2%-59.6%、77.4%-89.7%,其中以3号腐熟剂的秸秆磷、钾素释放率最高。各处理有机碳矿化率呈相同的趋势,均随时间的延长逐渐增加,取样末期有机碳矿化率在65.3%-69.1%之间,且各处理间差异不明显。综上,以3号秸秆腐熟剂腐解秸秆的效果最好。     

Nutritional response to the 1998 Bangladesh flood disaster: Sphere minimum standards in disaster response

In this study we use a cross-sectional survey to evaluate the nutritional response to the 1998 Bangladesh Flood Disaster by 15 relief agencies using standards developed by the Sphere Project. The Sphere Project is a recent attempt by agencies around the world to establish universal minimum standards for the purpose of ensuring quality and accountability in disaster response. The main outcomes measured were resources allocated to disaster relief types of relief activities and percentage of agencies meeting selected Sphere food aid and nutrition indicators. Although the process of nutritional response was measured, specific nutritional and health outcomes were not assessed. This review found that self-reported disaster and nutritional resources varied widely between implementing agencies, ranging from US $58,947 to $15,908,712. The percentage of resources these agencies allocated to food aid and nutritional response also varied, ranging from approximately 6 to 99 per cent of total resources. Agencies met between 8 and 83 per cent of the specific Sphere indicators which were assessed Areas in which performance was poor included preliminary nutritional analysis; beneficiary participation and feedback; disaster preparedness during non-emergency times; monitoring of local markets and impact assessment. Agencies were generally successful in areas of core humanitarian response, such as targeting the vulnerable (83 per cent) and monitoring and evaluating the process of disaster response (75 per cent). The results here identify both strengths and gaps in the quality of humanitarian response in developing nations such as Bangladesh. However, they also raise the question of implementing a rights-based approach to disaster response in nations without a commitment to meeting positive human rights in non-disaster times.     

块菌的营养价值及其开发利用

本文分析了块菌的营养价值和商品价值，提出了合理开发利用和保护块菌资源的意见。     

The need for growth promoting compounds in poultry meat production

Modern strains of broiler chicken are capable of achieving a 2.4 kg liveweight at 42d of age. This extremely fast growth is accomplished in part by balanced diets containing pharmaceutical growth promoting compounds. Over the last few years, a number of ethical questions have arisen regarding the use of such compounds. Such fast growth rate is accompanied by reduced bird welfare related to morbidity and mortality of a proportion of the birds. In two trials we have shown that acceptable growth rate can be achieved in diets without these compounds, and that economics of production are not adversely affected. It is concluded that future management programs for broiler chickens should consider a tempering of growth rate and that this could lead to improved bird well-being.     

Effect of diet manipulation in dairy cow N balance and nitrogen oxides emissions from grasslands in northern Spain

Dietary modifications in dairy cattle have been reported as a useful strategy to alter the composition of manure. Many reports have been published on how changes in dietary crude protein content and forage-to-concentrate ratio reduces animal nitrogen (N) excretion, but little information exists about the effect of diet modification on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emission when the subsequent slurry is applied on grassland. Two diets differing in forage:concentrate ratio (high forage or HF diet, 75:25; low forage or LF diet, 55:45) were tested to detect the improvement of N use efficiency in milk and the reduction of urinary and fecal N excretion. Triticale silage and barley grain were used as the main forage and concentrate sources in the diets. The subsequent slurries were characterized for N and ammonium-N content (NH₄⁺-N) and applied on grassland in order to study total and pattern of emission of N₂O and NO.The HF diet reduced the voluntary dry matter intake of the cows, N intake and urinary and fecal N excretion. However, the reduction of N intake did not improve the N use efficiency in milk (NUE) (21.0%) and did not reduce N excretion per unit of milk produced (15 g N l⁻¹) due to the lower milk yield. Slurries were similar in N content but differed in NH₄⁺ content, being lower in HF. Therefore, different slurry amounts were needed to be applied on grassland to reach the correct fertilisation rate (120 kg NH₄⁺-N ha⁻¹). Total emissions of N₂O (5.8 and 5.0 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹) and NO (507.2 and 568.6 g NO-N ha⁻¹), and the pattern of emissions were not affected by dietary treatments. When fertilisation management depends on the collected volume to empty the slurry pit, higher N₂O and NO emissions per kg of slurry could be expected from LF slurry. Nevertheless, if slurry is applied following recommendation rates, N₂O and NO emission per unit of milk produced might be slightly lower from LF slurry. Grass yield (1.5 t dry matter ha⁻¹) and N uptake (50 kg N ha⁻¹) did not vary due to the applications of different slurries, and was attributed to low rainfalls. The correct management of the slurries on grasslands may justify an adequate nutritional strategy of dairy herds from an environmental and productive point of view.     

生物除铁除锰滤层营养条件的研究

采用模拟生物除铁除锰滤柱,通过测定整个生物滤层对铁、锰的去除效果考察了营养物质对生物滤层综合生化能力的影响,从而探求了生物滤层对铁、碳、氮等营养元素的需求.结果表明,成熟滤层内的铁、锰氧化细菌对进水铁的营养需求极低(0.04 mg/L).成熟滤层对有机物具有一定的去除能力,而无机碳减少量相对较大,大约有3～4 mg/L,溶解在水中的二氧化碳即可保证滤层对碳的需求.成熟滤层将氨氮转化为硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐,但这种转化实际上并没有使水中氮的总量减少,只是氮的形态发生了转化;而滤柱内氮的减少是被生物体利用的结果.极低的氮素含量即可保证成熟生物滤层对氮素的需求.这表明极低的营养条件即可满足铁、锰氧化细菌的正常生理代谢,铁、锰氧化细菌可以在贫营养环境下生存.结合全国大部分地区的地下水水质状况,进而得出地下水生物除铁除锰技术在全国大部分地区可以推广使用.     

夏季采煤塌陷塘水质影响因素分析

以2004年夏季(4～8月)对淮南矿区三个不同塌陷时序塌陷塘每月一次的现场调查为基础,分析了采煤塌陷塘水质、不同理化因子的状况及相关关系,研究表明塌陷塘水质金属指标普遍不超标,营养盐含量较高,主要为P限制,同时划分了其主要的影响因子,这为其以后发展水产业和持续利用渔业资源提供了一定的理论基础依据。