城市生活垃圾筛上物制备RDF及其燃烧特性研究

利用城市垃圾筛上物制备RDF可以实现垃圾处理的减量化和资源化。研究了北京市城市生活垃圾筛上物制备RDF的工艺条件,探讨不同成型压力、含水率以及助燃剂含量对RDF成型特性的影响,在此基础上研究添加CaO对其燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:含水率10%,成型压力1 MPa的RDF在加入1%的KClO4后成型较好,燃烧后残渣少。随着CaO添加量的增加,RDF燃烧SO2的释放量减少;而当CaO添加量大于2%时,HCl的释放量基本保持不变。在RDF中加入CaO可以将其中的氯元素和硫元素有效固定在残渣中,从而有效减少了酸性气体排放。     

液体石蜡乳化液的制备及对甲苯废气的吸收性能研究

以液体石蜡和水制备乳化液,以制备的乳化液吸收甲苯废气。考察了制备乳化液时油水质量比、乳化剂的质量分数、HLB值(亲水亲油平衡值)、乳化时间、乳化温度的选择及Tween 80、正辛醇、NaCl、Na2SO4对甲苯吸收效果的影响。结果表明,室温下油水质量比为7∶3,乳化剂质量分数为7%,HLB值为10,乳化时间为0.5 h时制备的乳化液稳定性最好。试验条件下乳化液对甲苯的初始吸收率可达96.53%,增加Tween 80的量和添加正辛醇能提高乳化液的吸收效果,添加NaCl和Na2SO4则降低乳化液对甲苯的吸收能力。     

Ecological indicators of global climate change: A research framework

Large-scale environmental research efforts are conducted under frameworks that provide a common basis for evaluating research in many diverse fields. Such frameworks should be subjected to critical review to determine if they meet crucial expectations. In the case of the US Global Change Research Program, we perceive that most research follows a framework that we define as the predictive model framework. We believe this framework is insufficient for resolving the unprecedented predicaments posed by global change. We recommend a complementary framework, the system response framework, which directs research toward useful indicators of change rather than precise predictions. We further argue that, even if research is complementary and effective under the two frameworks, conclusive results prior to decisions should not be expected. The burden of proof must itself be a continuing topic of open discourse and inquiry.     

火灾烟气毒性的定量评价方法评述

火灾烟气毒性定量评价是毒理学研究的一个新兴领域.烟气毒性与建筑材料、燃烧条件、烟气毒物在建筑物内的传播规律及暴露时间有关,这些都是传统毒理学评价方法难以解决的问题.烟气毒性定量评价的目的是通过建立数学模型,以最少的动物试验,从宏观上更加定量化、系统化地评价和预测火灾烟气毒性.本文介绍了国外火灾烟气毒性定量评价的标准、烟气定量评价的数学模型,评述了这些模型的适用范围和优缺点,分析了火灾烟气毒性定量评价的发展方向.     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subaipine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the effects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases （GHGs） emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the gross primary production （GPP） and soil organic carbon （SOC） increased, and the net primary production （NPP） and net ecosystem production （NEP） decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased. With the variation of baseline temperature from -2℃ to ＋2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly affected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor affecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong effect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

基于非分散红外技术的煤矿井下有害气体定量探测方法研究

煤矿井下有害气体的浓度监测对煤矿生产安全预警至关重要。介绍了一种基于非分散红外光谱技术能够同时定量探测煤矿井下一氧化碳、甲烷等有害气体的方法。入射红外光经过高速旋转的滤光轮,得到各种待测气体相应滤波通道的调制光信号,经怀特池中待测气体吸收后得到各种气体的吸光度。通过非线性最小二乘拟合吸收光与被测气体浓度,得到测量系统的浓度定标曲线,一氧化碳、甲烷和二氧化碳三者定标拟合相关系数分别为0.9992、0.9996和0.9998。分析了系统的测量精度,通过比较样气标准浓度与实测浓度大小,发现所有被测气体的这两组数据的相关性均大于0.998,测量误差均小于5%。实验结果表明,采用非分散红外光谱技术可以实现煤矿井下多组分有害气体的同步精确探测,为扩展煤矿安全预警技术手段提供了参考。     

深圳市道路交通源温室气体排放特征分析

于2019年9月～2020年7月对深圳市福田区路边的大气CO2、CH4、N2O和CO浓度进行了观测分析.结果显示,其观测时段平均浓度分别为(430.8±6.1)×10-6、(2318.5±137.9)×10-9、(332.6±1.6)×10-9和(333.4±121.2)×10-9.CO2与CO浓度的季节变化表现为冬季...     

可燃气体检测仪的校正系数及其应用

可燃气体检测仪广泛应用于石化、煤矿等危险场所的气体检测。校正系数是影响仪器正确使用的重要因素。论述了校正系数既相似又不同的原因,阐述了合理选择校正气体的原则,分析了校正系数对测量结果的影响,总结了目前气体检测仪器生产及使用存在的问题,并提出了解决建议。     

黑臭水净化菌株的筛选及其水质改善能力

生活污水的过度排放引起的水体黑臭是一个亟待解决的环境问题.为建立黑臭水的微生物净化方法,从不同重污染水体或底泥中筛选获得了多种光合细菌,分析发现其中10种光合细菌(P1～P10)及其混合菌(Pm)对黑臭指标有改善效果.黑臭水厌氧光照净化试验结果表明,菌液投加量为1.0%,3 d后光合细菌P1,P2,P3,P4,P8,P9和Pm对人工黑臭水COD_Cr,NH₃-N,S2-,色阈值及臭阈值去除率分别为75.00%～ 82.00%,24.20%～27.97%,72.03%～87.89%,58.90%～69.08%和75.29%～87.89%,其中P9的效果最好.黑臭水兼性厌氧光照净化试验结果表明,菌液投加量为1.0%,3 d后光合细菌P2,P3,P4,P8,P9和Pm对人工黑臭水中的COD_Cr,NH₃-N,S2-,色阈值及臭阈值去除率分别为60.67%～79.92%,35.92%～40.16%,72.03%～82.93%,58.25%～66.55%和75.29%～85.09%,　ρ(DO)由0.54 mg/L增至1.80～2.63 mg/L,其中P2和P9的效果最好.经鉴定P9为沼泽红假单胞菌.研究发现,在菌液投加量为0.1%,30 ℃,厌氧光照条件下P9可明显改善水的黑臭指标.      

罐采样-正压进样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中温室气体

建立了罐采样-正压进样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中温室气体的分析方法。用正压采样器采集环境空气样品至罐中呈正压状态,用气相色谱仪进行分析,并对氮气空白、除烃空气、不同湿度、不同环境温度、不同罐压及精确控制进样压力等因素进行研究。在最佳实验条件下,N₂O、CO₂、CH₄、SF₆和CO的方法检出限分别为7 nmol/mol、1.5μmol/mol、0.1μmol/mol、9 pmol/mol、0.2μmol/mol,标准曲线相关系数均大于0.995,低、中、高浓度水平测定结果相对标准偏差均小于2.0%。利用该法对环境空气样品进行了检测分析,与该站点现有的高精度在线监测仪器同时测定结果进行比对,比对结果较好,该方法适用于城市环境空气和无组织废气中温室气体的准确测定。