城镇油气管道事故应急疏散决策优化

为实现油气管道事故中城镇大规模应急疏散的智慧决策,构建基于改进的自适应蚁群算法的应急疏散路径优化模型,开发基于油气管道典型事故后果分析的城镇大规模应急疏散决策优化系统平台(LSSED)。LSSED在地理信息系统平台上,针对油气管道泄漏引起的扩散、喷射火、池火、BLEVE、蒸气云爆炸等典型事故进行事故后果分析,对疏散通道当量长度和疏散时间成本函数进行定量评价,实现大规模应急疏散方案的智慧决策和避难方案的全局优化。案例分析表明,LSSED平台实现了基于地理信息系统的典型事故时变环境信息和应急疏散路径优化算法的数据传递及系统集成,实现了基于事故后果分析的城镇大规模人群疏散路径和避难方案优化,可为城镇安全规划和应急管理提供参考和借鉴。     

油田高压注汽盐析及预防研究

本文分析研究了油田注汽系统盐析现象及其成因和危害,并根据盐析成因探索了预防注汽盐析方法以减少甚至消除其危害。通过研究确定,采用高压旋流饱和蒸发与低压闪蒸和多效蒸集成技术是预防注汽系统盐析并减少甚至消除盐析及其造成的危害较为有效的方法。     

漂浮型B、N共掺杂TiO_2光催化剂的制备及柴油降解性能

以膨胀珍珠岩为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备硼、氮共掺杂漂浮型Ti O_2,采用XRD、BET、SEM、UV-vis DRS、XPS等分析手段进行材料表征并考察其对柴油的光降解性能.结果表明,B-N-Ti O_2/EP复合光催化剂表面有明显的Ti O_2覆层,晶型为锐钛矿型Ti O_2,Ti O_2负载有利于比表面积的提升.制得的B-N-Ti O_2/EP的可见光区响应高于N-Ti O_2/EP和Ti O_2/EP,该结果与3种材料的柴油光降解效果相一致.B-N-Ti O_2/EP对柴油的9h降解率将近50%,GC-MS分析表明,光降解过程中柴油各特征组分(C_9~C_(23))均得到不同程度降解,其中C_(11)以下的短链有机分子降解效果明显.     

超声波-表面活性剂修复柴油污染土壤实验研究

采用超声波联合十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)和烷基聚葡糖苷(APG1214)修复柴油污染土壤。考察了表面活性剂浓度、液固比、超声时间、超声波功率、超声温度等对柴油去除效果的影响。当表面活性剂浓度为4g/L,液固比为20∶1,超声波功率为500 W,在25℃下超声15 min,使用APG1214去除柴油效果优于LAS,对不同污染程度土壤柴油的去除率分别达到78.8%、88.1%及90.5%。     

密闭空间内可燃液体蒸气爆炸强度研究

采用20 L球燃爆实验装置,研究分析了油气浓度、点燃延迟时间的变化对油气环境的爆炸影响因素及变化规律。研究表明,随着油气浓度的增加,油气最大爆炸压力呈现先上升后下降的趋势,点燃延时影响油气-空气混合物爆炸强度,超过一定时间后爆炸猛烈程度降低。     

苏丹草与紫花苜蓿对新疆原油污染土壤的响应

为了研究修复植物对原油污染土壤的耐受响应,以苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago Sativa)为供试材料,通过盆栽试验,研究了4种原油污染浓度的土壤(0.0,6.0,12.0,34.0 g/kg)对植物株高、生物量、光合速率和原油烃修复率的影响。结果表明:1)除低浓度处理组可显著促进紫花苜蓿的生长外,其余各处理组均对植物生长呈现显著抑制作用;2)各浓度处理组对2种植物生物量均呈现抑制趋势,紫花苜蓿在高浓度处理组,苏丹草在低、中浓度处理组下生物量受到显著抑制;3)苏丹草叶片的光合速率随着原油污染水平的增加呈降低趋势;4)2种植物均可修复原油污染土壤,不同浓度处理组之间修复效率差异显著,刈割处理后可以提高苏丹草原油烃的修复效率。随着原油污染浓度的增加,紫花苜蓿和苏丹草耐受响应不同。     

海洋石油钻井平台生产性噪声慢性暴露对血清皮质醇水平的影响

采用自身对照试验,利用个体噪声剂量系统检测海洋石油钻井平台作业人员在作业期间生产性噪声个体暴露水平(40 h等效声级),采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分别检测噪声暴露作业前后血清皮质醇水平,并分析血清皮质醇水平变化与噪声暴露水平和暴露时间的关系。结果表明:噪声暴露作业后,全部作业人员血清皮质醇水平明显升高(p0.05,α=0.05);不同噪声暴露水平作业人员血清皮质醇水平差别没有统计学意义(p0.05);噪声暴露20 d的作业人员血清皮质醇水平明显高于噪声暴露≤20 d者(p0.05)。血清皮质醇水平变化与噪声暴露水平没有显著关联性,而与噪声暴露时间呈明显的正相关(p0.05)。研究表明,生产性噪声慢性暴露使血清皮质醇水平升高,且暴露时间是主要影响因素。     

Antipoaching standards in onshore hydrocarbon concessions drawn from a Central African case study

Unsustainable hunting outside protected areas is threatening tropical biodiversity worldwide and requires conservationists to engage increasingly in antipoaching activities. Following the example of ecocertified logging companies, we argue that other extractive industries managing large concessions should engage in antipoaching activities as part of their environmental management plans. Onshore hydrocarbon concessions should also adopt antipoaching protocols as a standard because they represent a biodiversity threat comparable to logging. We examined the spatiotemporal patterns of small‐ and large‐mammal poaching in an onshore oil concession in Gabon, Central Africa, with a Bayesian occupancy model based on signs of poaching collected from 2010 to 2015 on antipoaching patrols. Patrol locations were initially determined based on local intelligence and past patrol successes (adaptive management) and subsequently with a systematic sampling of the concession. We generated maps of poaching probability in the concession and determined the temporal trends of this threat over 5 years. The spatiotemporal patterns of large‐ and small‐mammal poaching differed throughout the concession, and likely these groups will need different management strategies. By elucidating the relationship between site‐specific sampling effort and detection probability, the Bayesian method allowed us to set goals for future antipoaching patrols. Our results indicate that a combination of systematic sampling and adaptive management data is necessary to infer spatiotemporal patterns with the statistical method we used. On the basis of our case study, we recommend hydrocarbon companies interested in implementing efficient antipoaching activities in their onshore concessions to lay the foundation of long‐needed industry standards by: adequately measuring antipoaching effort; mixing adaptive management and balanced sampling; setting goals for antipoaching effort; pairing patrols with large‐mammal monitoring; supporting antipoaching patrols across the landscape; restricting access to their concessions; performing random searches for bushmeat and mammal products at points of entry; controlling urban and agricultural expansion; supporting bushmeat alternatives; and supporting land‐use planning.     

基于无线局域网(WLAN)的油田安全监控系统研究

针对油田监控对象具有点多、面广、跨区域的特点,指出对油田进行无线监控的必要性,并对6种常见的无线通信手段的特点进行比较;根据油田安全监控的业务需求,提出基于WLAN技术的油田安全监控系统硬件结构和软件功能设计方案;并结合工程实施案例介绍系统中无线设备的选型、安装和防雷接地等方面的工程问题。该研究成果实现油田的安全监控预警,减少或避免事故发生的可能性,有利于提高油田安全管理的科学性,具有实用推广价值。     

The Impending Peak and Decline of Petroleum Production: an Underestimated Challenge for Conservation of Ecological Integrity

Abstract: In the last few decades petroleum has been consumed at a much faster pace than new reserves have been discovered. The point at which global oil extraction will attain a peak (“peak oil”) and begin a period of unavoidable decline is approaching. This eventuality will drive fundamental changes in the quantity and nature of energy flows through the human economic system, which probably will be accompanied by economic turmoil, political conflicts, and a high level of social tension. Besides being a geological and economic issue, peak oil is also a fundamental concern as it pertains to ecological systems and conservation because economics is a subsystem of the global ecosystem and changes in human energy‐related behaviors can lead to a broad range of effects on natural ecosystems, ranging from overuse to abandonment. As it becomes more difficult to meet energy demands, environmental considerations may be easily superseded. Given the vital importance of ecosystems and ecosystem services in a postpetroleum era, it is crucially important to wisely manage our ecosystems during the transition period to an economy based on little or no use of fossil fuels. Good policies can be formulated through awareness and understanding gained from scenario‐based assessments. Presently, most widely used global scenarios of environmental change do not incorporate resource limitation, including those of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Considering the potential magnitude of the effects of peak oil on society and nature, the development of resource‐constrained scenarios should be addressed immediately. Ecologists and conservation biologists are in an important position to analyze the situation and provide guidance, yet the topic is noticeably absent from ecological discussions. We urge politicians, corporate chief executives, thought leaders, and citizens to consider this problem seriously because it is likely to develop into one of the key environmental issues of the 21st century.