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681.
Peter A. Cott Paul K. Sibley Andrew M. Gordon R.A. Bodaly Kenneth H. Mills W. Murray Somers Gerald A. Fillatre 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(2):328-342
Abstract: In northern regions, large volumes of water are needed for activities such as winter road construction. Such withdrawals, particularly from small lakes, can reduce oxygen concentrations and water levels, potentially affecting aquatic organisms. Withdrawal limits have been developed by regulatory agencies, but are largely theoretical. Water withdrawal thresholds were tested in two small lakes by removing 10% and 20% of their respective under‐ice volumes and comparing oxygen parameters, temperature, over‐wintering habitat, and northern pike (Esox lucius) abundance to reference conditions. Because of a milder winter, oxygen parameters were elevated in reference lakes in the period following withdrawal compared to the prewithdrawal period. The 10% withdrawal resulted in a ?0.2 m shift in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l in that lake, but had no effect on total volume‐weighted oxygen, or volume of over‐wintering habitat. In contrast, the 20% withdrawal caused 0.7 m reduction in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l compared to the previous year, a 26% decline in the volume‐weighted oxygen concentration, and a 23% reduction in the volume of over‐wintering habitat compared to prewithdrawal conditions. Water temperatures were slightly (≤ 10%) colder in the upper strata in the year following the withdrawal in both withdrawal and reference lakes. Northern pike abundance was not impacted by water withdrawals in either of the lakes. The results of this study show that the effects of water withdrawal on the parameters investigated reflected the characteristics of the lakes, and would therefore be expected to vary from lake to lake. Policy development to mitigate impacts must therefore reflect the site‐specific nature of water withdrawal. 相似文献
682.
Semere Solomon Michael Carpenter Todd Allyn Flach 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2008,2(4):502
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) through CO2 flooding has been practiced on a commercial basis for the last 35 years and continues today at several sites, currently injecting in total over 30 million tons of CO2 annually. This practice is currently exclusively for economic gain, but can potentially contribute to the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases provided it is implemented on a large scale. Optimal operations in distributing CO2 to CO2-EOR or enhanced gas recovery (EGR) projects (referred to here collectively as CO2-EHR) on a large scale and long time span imply that intermediate storage of CO2 in geological formations may be a key component. Intermediate storage is defined as the storage of CO2 in geological media for a limited time span such that the CO2 can be sufficiently reproduced for later use in CO2-EHR. This paper investigates the technical aspects, key individual parameters and possibilities of intermediate storage of CO2 in geological formations aiming at large scale implementation of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) for deep emission reduction. The main parameters are thus the depth of injection and density, CO2 flow and transport processes, storage mechanisms, reservoir heterogeneity, the presence of impurities, the type of the reservoirs and the duration of intermediate storage. Structural traps with no flow of formation water combined with proper injection planning such as gas-phase injection favour intermediate storage in deep saline aquifers. In depleted oil and gas fields, high permeability, homogeneous reservoirs with structural traps (e.g. anticlinal structures) are good candidates for intermediate CO2 storage. Intuitively, depleted natural gas reservoirs can be potential candidates for intermediate storage of carbon dioxide due to similarity in storage characteristics. 相似文献
683.
684.
沙质滩涂对石油类污染物的吸附是一种物理吸附过程,在一定的条件下,吸附于沙质滩涂中的石油类污染物又可能释放出来,对滨海环境造成新的污染。在对滨海沙滩(胶州湾)沙质滩涂-水系统石油污染调查的基础上,选择代表性的沙滩进行取样,系统测定不同沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放动力学过程,并分析了盐度、pH、温度和含沙量对释放作用的影响。结果表明,沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放动力学曲线符合对数型,即随着时间的延续释放速度逐渐降低,沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放平衡时间约为10h,沙质滩涂对可溶性油的释放量随盐度和pH的增大而减少,随温度、含沙量和振荡频率的增加而增加。 相似文献
685.
文章分析了油气管道穿越敏感河流的主要方式及其环境影响。在此基础上,针对环境影响最大的大开挖方式,介绍了国内、国际主要环境保护措施。最后提出了改进我国管道穿越河流施工的若干建议。 相似文献
686.
油气田开发中硫化氢产生机理和防治研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
文章概括总结了油气田开发生产中硫化氢的产生机理,论述了防治硫化氢的化学法、生物法和物理法,指出了油气田开发中硫化氢防治工作目前所存在的问题及今后的发展方向。提出加强现有各种方法的综合运用、开发新的防治方法,以及硫化氢防治措施的成套化、规范化、安全化是今后硫化氢防治工作的重要发展方向。 相似文献
687.
688.
红外分光光度法测定水中石油类,可用S-316(六氯四氟丁烷)作提取剂,测定了以S-316为溶剂配制的正十六烷,姥鲛烷和甲苯溶液的校正系数,并对该校正系数作了检验,比较了S-316和CCl4的本底值和萃取率,结果表明S-316可作为红外法测定水中石油类的提取剂,并具有毒性小,萃取率高等特点。 相似文献
689.
煤焦油加氢制燃料油的试验研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
实验室研究利用煤焦油研制汽柴油替代品燃料油.以高温煤焦油为原料,选择加氢保护剂、脱金属剂及加氢精制催化剂,采用加氢工艺,脱除煤焦油中硫、氮、氧和金属等有害杂质,使煤焦油中烯烃饱和,从而改善煤焦油质量,制得合格的汽油、柴油替代品燃料油. 相似文献
690.
针对原有的基于模糊综合评价法建立的油库安全度评估模型存在的不足,结合油库安全管理现状,从油库安全评估的内容、方法、实现形式等方面进行了油库安全度评估体系的完善,并以软件形式实现。通过实际应用,表明所建立的油库安全评估模型合理可行,评估软件可操作性强、实用。 相似文献