Identification of environmentally vulnerable areas with priority for prevention and management of pipeline crude oil spills

The oil industry is one of the main productive activities in Mexico and has a huge infrastructure, including a wide pipeline network that crosses urban, industrial, agricultural and natural areas. The threat of crude oil spills is greatest in those regions with a high concentration of oil extraction and refining activities, as in the case of the Coatzacoalcos and Tonalá Rivers Low Basin. This study ranked the geosystems of the basin in terms of vulnerability to pipeline crude oil spills. Very high vulnerability (level I) was assigned to the water bodies (lakes and rivers) and their margins of influence, including surfaces that flood during normal hydraulic load. High vulnerability areas (level II) comprised surfaces that can flood during extraordinary hydraulic load related with extreme hydrometeorological events. The remaining three vulnerability levels were defined for areas with low or negligible flooding potential, these were ranked according to physical (slope, relief and permeability), biological (richness, singularity and integrity) and socio-economic (social marginalization index and economic activities index) conditions. These results are presented on a map for better visualization and interpretation. This study will be useful to establish preventive and effective emergency management actions in order to reduce remediation costs and adverse effects on wild species. It also can help local and national authorities, oil industry and civil protection corps to better protect ecosystems, natural resources and human activities and goods.     

Management of biomass residues generated from palm oil mill: Vermicomposting a sustainable option

Solid waste management is one of the challenging problems worldwide and it is becoming more complex by the increase in population and subsequently the waste generated. In Malaysia, among industrial solid waste palm oil mill waste (POMW) contributes the highest share. Wastes from the oil palm mill includes palm oil mill effluent (POME), decanter cake, empty fruit bunches, seed shells and the fibre from mesocarp. Generally most of the waste generated is either disposed of via open dumping or used as fertilizers as such or as animal feed. Land application of POMW and POME is very common practice as it contains numbers of plant nutrients. Direct application of POMW into agricultural soil can result in a number of problems such as water pollution, leaching etc. To deal with these problems, vermicomposting of palm oil mill waste may be a sustainable waste management option.There are number of researches going on management of biomass residues from palm oil mill, but very few works are going on vermicomposting of these agro-industrial waste. Vermicomposting of POMW can be a good practice as it will also be helpful in recycling the useful plant nutrients and it is better than that of composting process. Present review deals with the various aspects of vermicomposting of POMW and its importance. Review also put forward the effect of potential application of vermicompost on plant growth. On the whole it looks for the possibility of vermicomposting of waste from palm oil mill as a sustainable waste management alternative.     

四氯乙烯代替四氯化碳测定水中油类物质初探

通过使用四氯乙烯代替四氯化碳测定水中油类物质的对比实验,得到如下结论：四氯乙烯作萃取剂时,标准曲线线性相关系数为0．9999,检出限为0．336mg／L,精密度和准确度符合质控要求。但标准曲线方程的斜率较差,在分析浓度较低的样品时,准确度相对误差较大,萃取回收率不高。由此可以看出,使用四氯乙烯分析油类物质的局限性较大,分析方法还需进一步研究。     

基于区间层次分析法的石油库防火防爆安全评价

为准确反应石油库防火防爆安全状态,给石油库安全管理工作提供科学依据,应用区间层次分析法(IAHP)对石油库进行防火防爆安全评价。通过分析石油库防火防爆安全影响因素,构建3级安全评价层次结构体系。针对专家构造判断矩阵时决策的不确定性,采用区间数来描述因素之间的两两比较,应用区间特征根法(IEM)求出12项评判指标的区间权重向量及权重总排序。研究表明:影响石油库防火防爆安全状态最大的4个因素依次为:消防灭火设备状态、技术设备状态、防静电设备状态和工艺设备状态。评价结果与石油库的实际安全状况相符。     

落新妇地下部分挥发油化学成分GC—MS分析

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取落新妇地下部分的挥发油,测得含量为0．10％;采用气相色谱－质谱联用技术（GC—MS）对落新妇的挥发性成分进行了分离鉴定,分离出57种成分,鉴定了其中50种;运用峰面积归一法确定了各成分的相对含量,检出率为87．71％。落新妇地下部分挥发油的主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、十六甲基八环硅氧烷。     

事故状态下储油库水体污染的预防与控制

文章结合实例分析了储油库在事故状态下次生水体污染事件的风险,通过典型事故案例剖析了储油库水污染预防与控制管理的关键环节,指出国内相关标准在储油库水污染预防与控制措施要求方面存在的不足,提出储油库水污染防控体系建设的构架以及管理措施建议。     

加拿大石油开采业清洁生产及其对中国的启示

文章论述了加拿大石油开采业环保管理和清洁生产现状,与我国石油开采业的相关现状做了对比,提出对中国石油开采业清洁生产的启示和建议。     

流沙湾海水中石油烃的时空分布特征研究

于2008年2月（冬季）、5月（春季）、8月（夏季）和11月（秋季）对流沙湾进行了4次采样考察,研究分析了流沙湾表层海水中石油烃质量浓度的平面分布和季节变化特征。结果表明,在2008年度,流沙湾表层海水石油烃的质量浓度为0~1.930 mg.L-1,平均值为0.080 mg.L-1,季节差异比较明显,呈春、冬、夏、秋季依次减小的变化趋势,冬、春季节海水呈现不同程度石油污染,夏、秋季节属Ⅰ、Ⅱ级水质,整个流沙湾海域表层海水石油烃的平面分布相对比较均匀。在内外湾分布上,冬、春、秋季节外湾大于内湾,而夏季节内湾大于外湾。流沙湾的水产养殖活动是其海水石油烃时空分布的主要影响因素。     

对城市污水厂污泥中矿物油和动植物油测定方法的改进

研究了用超声波萃取城市污水处理厂污泥中动植物油和矿物油的方法,并与索氏提取法进行比较.结果表明,超声波萃取法对污泥中矿物油和动植物油测定操作简单快速,标样回收率高,精密度好.     

液-液萃取-气相色谱法同时测定水中吡啶、松节油和苯胺

研究建立了气相色谱法同时测定水中吡啶、松节油和苯胺的方法.采用二氯甲烷萃取,萃取后直接进行色谱分离分析,3种物质能够有效分离.吡啶、松节油和苯胺的水中最低检测浓度分别为0.009、0.009、0.004mg/L,样品添加平均回收率为89％～114％,平行6次精密度实验,相对标准偏差小于6.5.实验结果表明,气相色谱法简单、快速、准确,适用于水中吡啶、松节油和苯胺的测定.