海上溢油指纹鉴别技术现状及展望

简要回顾了海上溢油污染概况,介绍了国内外溢油鉴别方法:气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、荧光光谱法、红外光谱法等,指出了未来海上溢油指纹鉴别技术的发展方向。     

高压天然气含油检测及在除油效果评价中的应用

目的为高压天然气中含油量检测提供方法。方法将取样装置安装在管道中部,在管道上通过一级减压阀将进气压力减压至2 MPa,再通过二级减压阀减压至0.3～0.4 MPa。通过流量计控制流速为18～20 L/min,取样时间为30～50 min。当气体通过取样装置时,气体中的油分截留于取样滤膜上,从而进行取样。将取样滤膜取出,放入萃取烧杯中,使萃取剂充分萃取油分。将萃取后的溶液倒入比色皿中,将比色皿置于油分浓度分析仪,测出气体含油量。结果通过除油器后的压缩天然气含油量较高,体积分数最小值为7.7×10~(-6),最高值为12.1×10~(-6),远超除油器技术协议规定的4×10~(-6)。检测结果表明,除油器出口端含油量超过设计指标2～3倍,除油效果较差。结论提出了减压取样、萃取检测的方法,并通过现场试验验证了该方法可以准确测定高压天然气的含油量。将油量检测方法用于除油效果评估,现场试验验证该检测方法可行。     

中石油东部炼油企业设备腐蚀与控制现状

针对原油炼化过程中对设备与管道造成的腐蚀破坏作用,分析了主要腐蚀性介质单质硫、硫化氢、环烷酸及HCl+H_2S+H_2O体系的来源、形成机制、腐蚀机理,介绍了中石油东部七个石化企业所加工原油的含硫、含盐和含酸情况,依据炼油流程分别对比阐述了这些企业的原油脱盐脱水、常减压蒸馏、催化裂化、加氢裂化、延迟焦化和其他流程中主要设备和管道的腐蚀与控制现状,并提出了中石油炼化企业和相关的研究机构今后在这方面的研究与应用方向。     

油指纹多元统计分析在鉴别地表水石油类污染来源中的应用研究

采用油指纹多元统计方法,对嘉兴市杭州塘和长山河水系沿岸加油站9个不同来源的轻质柴油进行了分类鉴别,并考察了风化的影响.结果表明:仅基于GC-MS谱图,很难对不同轻质柴油的来源进行鉴别;但基于GC-MS谱图,提取正构烷烃及多环芳烃特征比值,进一步采用多元统计方法,可以对不同来源的轻质柴油进行区分.考虑实际水环境中油污染物会风化,向河水中投入两种轻质柴油,考察了不同初始浓度和不同风化时间下的油指纹变化,发现油污染物初始浓度为0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,所有特征比值在风化过程中均极不稳定,无法用于分类鉴别;油污染物初始浓度达到1.0 mg·L~(-1)及以上时,特征比值C_(17)/Pr、C_(18)/Ph在风化5 d内可用作油指纹的鉴别指标,5 d后无法用于鉴别;特征比值Pr/Ph、(C_(19)+C_(20))/(C_(21)+C_(22))、CPI受风化时间影响小,始终可以作为油指纹鉴别的特征指标.     

油库雷击事故的预防与控制

油库是储存易燃易爆油品的专用场所,雷电是油库安全生产的重大隐患,油库防雷已成为关系到经济建设、社会发展和人民生命财产安全的重大课题。针对目前我国油库雷击事故频繁发生的问题,在对大量事故资料研究的基础上,分析了油库雷击火灾爆炸事故的原因,指出雷电产生的火花引燃油气是导致油库火灾爆炸的主要原因。并重点从安全管理学的角度,运用事故预防与控制的＂3E＂对策,分别从安全技术、安全管理、安全教育三个方面探讨了油库雷击事故的预防与控制措施。     

Identification of environmentally vulnerable areas with priority for prevention and management of pipeline crude oil spills

The oil industry is one of the main productive activities in Mexico and has a huge infrastructure, including a wide pipeline network that crosses urban, industrial, agricultural and natural areas. The threat of crude oil spills is greatest in those regions with a high concentration of oil extraction and refining activities, as in the case of the Coatzacoalcos and Tonalá Rivers Low Basin. This study ranked the geosystems of the basin in terms of vulnerability to pipeline crude oil spills. Very high vulnerability (level I) was assigned to the water bodies (lakes and rivers) and their margins of influence, including surfaces that flood during normal hydraulic load. High vulnerability areas (level II) comprised surfaces that can flood during extraordinary hydraulic load related with extreme hydrometeorological events. The remaining three vulnerability levels were defined for areas with low or negligible flooding potential, these were ranked according to physical (slope, relief and permeability), biological (richness, singularity and integrity) and socio-economic (social marginalization index and economic activities index) conditions. These results are presented on a map for better visualization and interpretation. This study will be useful to establish preventive and effective emergency management actions in order to reduce remediation costs and adverse effects on wild species. It also can help local and national authorities, oil industry and civil protection corps to better protect ecosystems, natural resources and human activities and goods.     

Management of biomass residues generated from palm oil mill: Vermicomposting a sustainable option

Solid waste management is one of the challenging problems worldwide and it is becoming more complex by the increase in population and subsequently the waste generated. In Malaysia, among industrial solid waste palm oil mill waste (POMW) contributes the highest share. Wastes from the oil palm mill includes palm oil mill effluent (POME), decanter cake, empty fruit bunches, seed shells and the fibre from mesocarp. Generally most of the waste generated is either disposed of via open dumping or used as fertilizers as such or as animal feed. Land application of POMW and POME is very common practice as it contains numbers of plant nutrients. Direct application of POMW into agricultural soil can result in a number of problems such as water pollution, leaching etc. To deal with these problems, vermicomposting of palm oil mill waste may be a sustainable waste management option.There are number of researches going on management of biomass residues from palm oil mill, but very few works are going on vermicomposting of these agro-industrial waste. Vermicomposting of POMW can be a good practice as it will also be helpful in recycling the useful plant nutrients and it is better than that of composting process. Present review deals with the various aspects of vermicomposting of POMW and its importance. Review also put forward the effect of potential application of vermicompost on plant growth. On the whole it looks for the possibility of vermicomposting of waste from palm oil mill as a sustainable waste management alternative.     

四氯乙烯代替四氯化碳测定水中油类物质初探

通过使用四氯乙烯代替四氯化碳测定水中油类物质的对比实验,得到如下结论：四氯乙烯作萃取剂时,标准曲线线性相关系数为0．9999,检出限为0．336mg／L,精密度和准确度符合质控要求。但标准曲线方程的斜率较差,在分析浓度较低的样品时,准确度相对误差较大,萃取回收率不高。由此可以看出,使用四氯乙烯分析油类物质的局限性较大,分析方法还需进一步研究。     

基于区间层次分析法的石油库防火防爆安全评价

为准确反应石油库防火防爆安全状态,给石油库安全管理工作提供科学依据,应用区间层次分析法(IAHP)对石油库进行防火防爆安全评价。通过分析石油库防火防爆安全影响因素,构建3级安全评价层次结构体系。针对专家构造判断矩阵时决策的不确定性,采用区间数来描述因素之间的两两比较,应用区间特征根法(IEM)求出12项评判指标的区间权重向量及权重总排序。研究表明:影响石油库防火防爆安全状态最大的4个因素依次为:消防灭火设备状态、技术设备状态、防静电设备状态和工艺设备状态。评价结果与石油库的实际安全状况相符。     

落新妇地下部分挥发油化学成分GC—MS分析

利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取落新妇地下部分的挥发油,测得含量为0．10％;采用气相色谱－质谱联用技术（GC—MS）对落新妇的挥发性成分进行了分离鉴定,分离出57种成分,鉴定了其中50种;运用峰面积归一法确定了各成分的相对含量,检出率为87．71％。落新妇地下部分挥发油的主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、十六甲基八环硅氧烷。