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801.
Karanja oil, containing 6.2% free fatty acids (FFAs), was considered for biodiesel production using a single-step solid-phase acid catalyzed process. Different types of zeolites and Amberlyst15 catalysts were tested and biodiesel was produced. Under similar conditions, the highest biodiesel yield was achieved using an Amberlyst15 catalyst, which contained 3–5% of moisture. The effects of operating parameters of the reaction such as reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and methanol-to-oil ratio were studied. An increase of methanol:oil ratio revealed a non-monotonic increase in biodiesel yields. Similar non-monotonic behavior was observed when Jatropha oil was used. Leaching and catalyst reusability were also considered. No significant effects of leaching were observed and catalyst reusability appeared to be affected by methanol interactions. The presence of a co-solvent, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), increased the biodiesel yield. Furthermore, an optimum amount of THF (THF:methanol volume ratio of 1:2) gave rise to the highest biodiesel yield. A biodiesel yield of 93% was achieved at 120 °C using a single-step process with Amberlyst15 as a catalyst, THF as a co-solvent, and a methanol:oil ratio of 30:1. 相似文献
802.
Gnanasekaran Sakthivel Sivakumar R Mani Ilangkumaran Bernard W. Ikua 《International Journal of Green Energy》2016,13(14):1517-1533
The increasing demand on energy due to population growth and rising of living standards has led to considerable use of fossil fuels which has in turn, had an adverse impact on environmental pollution and depletion of fossil fuels in Internal Combustion (IC) engine sector. Alternative fuel blend evaluation in IC engine fuel technologies is a very important strategic decision involving decisions balancing within a number of criteria and opinions from different decision maker of IC engine experts. The selection of appropriate source of biodiesel and proper blending of biodiesel plays a major role in alternate energy production. This paper describes an application of hybrid Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique for the selection of optimum biodiesel blend in the IC engine. The proposed model, Analytical Network Process (ANP) is integrated with Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to evaluate the optimum blend. Here the ANP is used to determine the relative weights of the criteria, whereas TOPSIS is used for obtaining the final ranking of alternative blends. An efficient pair-wise comparison process and ranking of alternatives can be achieved for optimum blend selection through the integration of ANP and TOPSIS. The obtained preference order for the blends are as B20 > B40 > Diesel > B60 > B80 > B100. This paper highlights a new insight into MCDM techniques to evaluate the best fuel blend for the decision makers such as engine manufactures and R&D engineers to meet the fuel economy and emission norms to empower the green revolution. 相似文献
803.
Lílian Nogueira Danilo Grünig Humberto da Silva Thiago Yukio Kikuchi Oliveira Joel Maurício Correa da Rosa Andréia Arantes Felício Eduardo Alves de Almeida 《Chemosphere》2013
Biodiesel fuel is gradually replacing petroleum-based diesel oil use. Despite the biodiesel being considered friendlier to the environment, little is known about its effects in aquatic organisms. In this work we evaluated whether biodiesel exposure can affect oxidative stress parameters and biotransformation enzymes in armored catfish (Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, Loricariidae), a South American endemic species. Thus, fish were exposed for 2 and 7 d to 0.01 mL L−1 and 0.1 mL L−1 of pure diesel, pure biodiesel (B100) and blends of diesel with 5% (B5) and 20% (B20) biodiesel. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) levels and the activities of the enzymes glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in liver and gills. Also, DNA damage (8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine) levels in gills and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in liver were assessed. Pure diesel, B5 and B20 blends changed most of the enzymes tested and in some cases, B5 and B20 induced a higher enzyme activity than pure diesel. Antioxidant system activation in P. anisitsi was effective to counteract reactive oxygen species effects, since DNA damage and lipid peroxidation levels were maintained at basal levels after all treatments. However, fish gills exposed to B20 and B100 presented increased lipid peroxidation. Despite biodiesel being more biodegradable fuel that emits less greenhouse gases, the increased lipid peroxidation showed that biofuel and its blends also represent hazards to aquatic biota. 相似文献
804.
805.
非分散红外光度法测定钦食业油烟的排放浓度 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
将采集油烟的滤筒,移入比色管内已定容的CCl4溶剂中,将比色管置于超声器上清洗20min,用非分散红外光度法可直接测定清洗液中油烟的含量.实际样品测定结果表明,该方法简便易行,准确性较好. 相似文献
806.
原油在土壤中的吸附和解吸研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
用振荡平衡法研究了原油在土壤中的吸附和解吸行为,测得了吸附常数,给出了吸附等温线。结果表明,Linear吸附关系可较好地描述原油在土壤中的吸附状况;土壤有机质含量影响原油的吸附量;其解吸行为则明显受到溶液pH的影响,表面活性剂的加入有助于原油解吸。 相似文献
807.
利用自行设计制作的一套土壤气体取样监测装置,在北京地区某加油站开展了包气带内石油类污染物自然衰减的现场试验研究.在现场对包气带内的土壤气体样本进行采集,并对样本中的VOC含量及O2、CO2含量进行了检测分析.2个阶段的检测结果表明,经过381 d的自然衰减,污染点位的TVOC浓度减少了99.2%,BTEX的气相浓度占TVOC的比例由17.0%降至12.1%;O2和CO2含量在G3点位呈现出随着土壤深度的增加,O2含量逐渐减少、CO2含量逐渐增加的变化趋势.通过对试验结果的分析得出以下结论:①第一次检测结果表明G3点位附近存在一定的土壤污染,经过381 d的自然衰减,G3点位土壤中的BTEX含量已降至保护环境的标准以下,该污染现场的环境监控措施可以解除;②对造成该点污染的原因进行推断,可以判定污染为短期污染源导致,不存在持续的泄漏源;③自然衰减能够有效清除土壤中污染物,可以作为北京市同类污染场地有效的治理手段加以考虑;④检测污染土壤中O2和CO2含量的变化是判断有机污染物需氧降解的有效手段. 相似文献
808.
利用Real-time PCR技术,分别对非油气田对照区域、未开发油田、未开发气田地表30、60、100、150、200 cm深度的甲烷氧化菌、C5~C16烃氧化菌进行定量研究,目的在于加深对该类型区域烃氧化菌空间分布特征的了解,为微生物油气勘探技术的发展提供基础资料.结果表明,气田区域甲烷氧化菌(pmoA)含量为1.34E+04~3.90E+05 copies.g-1,并随深度的加深逐渐减少;油田仅为3.14E+02~4.32E+03 copies.g-1.100~200 cm深度,油田C5~C16烃氧化菌(alkB)含量为1.38E+07~3.61E+07 copies.g-1,高于等深度对照(4.24E+06~2.14E+07 copies.g-1)和气田区域(5.82E+06~3.52E+07copies.g-1).甲烷氧化菌分布受全氮、有机碳、pH影响显著,相关系数分别为0.859、0.631、-0.549,而C5~C16烃氧化菌分布受环境因素影响相对较小.100~200 cm深度范围内,该区域全氮、有机碳、pH等理化因素相对稳定,烃氧化菌含量在不同深度间差异较小.因此,本研究表明,气田区域具有明显的甲烷氧化菌异常,油田在100 cm以下深度具有一定的C5~C16烃氧化菌异常;100~200 cm更适于作为统一取样深度进行大范围定量调查,但仍需要进一步的验证. 相似文献
809.
810.