Effects of thermal barrier coating on the performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from waste frying cottonseed oil and ultra-low sulfur diesel

In this study, the top surfaces of piston and valves of a four-strokes and direct-injection diesel engine have been coated—with no change in the compression ratio—with a 100 μm of NiCrAl lining layer via plasma spray method and this layer has later been coated with main coating material with a mixture of 88% of ZrO₂, 4% of MgO and 8% of Al₂O₃ (400 μm). Then, after the engine-coating process, ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) as base fuels and its blend with used frying cottonseed oil derived biodiesel in proportion of 20%, volumetrically, have been tested in the coated engine and data of combustion and performance characteristics on full load and at different speeds have been noted. The results, which were compared with those obtained by uncoated-engine operation, showed that thermal efficiency increased, and engine noise reduced. Cylinder gas pressure values obtained from the diesel engine which has been coated with thermal barriers have been found to be somewhat higher than those of the uncoated-engine. Also, maximum pressure values measured in both engines and under the same experimental conditions through the use of test fuel have been obtained after TDC. Moreover, heat release rate and heat release have occurred earlier in the coated-engine. NOx emissions were increased while CO and HC emissions were remained almost the same with a little bit decrease.     

Experimental investigation on engine performances,combustion characteristics and emission of exhaust gases of VCR engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester blended with diesel

This research work investigates the engine performances, combustion characteristics, and emission of exhaust gases of variable compression ratio engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and diesel at different blends. The analysis showed that heat release rate and cylinder pressure is higher for diesel than COME blends. Higher BTE is obtained at the maximum load condition. The higher BTE and lower SFC are obtained for blend B15 as 42.17% and 0.2 kg/kW-hr at brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 4.64 bar. Also it is found that the peak cylinder gas pressure and combustion duration increases when the BMEP increases. At the BMEP of 3.51 bar, higher HRR is observed as 18.12 J/deg. Increase in HRR is obtained as 6.07% for B30 at BMEP of 4.64 bar when compared to diesel. Ignition delay decreased by 13.16% for B100, by the increment of blend proportions when compared to diesel, at BMEP of 4.64 bar. Lower smoke, HC and CO emissions are observed when increasing the blend proportions, whereas the nitric oxide emissions increases due to the better combustion resulted in higher temperatures. At BMEP of 4.64 bar, the CO emissions are reduced to 25.24% for neat biodiesel when compared with the diesel.     

Biodiesel production from a free fatty acid containing Karanja oil by a single-step heterogeneously catalyzed process

Karanja oil, containing 6.2% free fatty acids (FFAs), was considered for biodiesel production using a single-step solid-phase acid catalyzed process. Different types of zeolites and Amberlyst15 catalysts were tested and biodiesel was produced. Under similar conditions, the highest biodiesel yield was achieved using an Amberlyst15 catalyst, which contained 3–5% of moisture. The effects of operating parameters of the reaction such as reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and methanol-to-oil ratio were studied. An increase of methanol:oil ratio revealed a non-monotonic increase in biodiesel yields. Similar non-monotonic behavior was observed when Jatropha oil was used. Leaching and catalyst reusability were also considered. No significant effects of leaching were observed and catalyst reusability appeared to be affected by methanol interactions. The presence of a co-solvent, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), increased the biodiesel yield. Furthermore, an optimum amount of THF (THF:methanol volume ratio of 1:2) gave rise to the highest biodiesel yield. A biodiesel yield of 93% was achieved at 120 °C using a single-step process with Amberlyst15 as a catalyst, THF as a co-solvent, and a methanol:oil ratio of 30:1.     

Selection of optimum fish oil fuel blend to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in an IC engine—A hybrid multiple criteria decision aid approach

The increasing demand on energy due to population growth and rising of living standards has led to considerable use of fossil fuels which has in turn, had an adverse impact on environmental pollution and depletion of fossil fuels in Internal Combustion (IC) engine sector. Alternative fuel blend evaluation in IC engine fuel technologies is a very important strategic decision involving decisions balancing within a number of criteria and opinions from different decision maker of IC engine experts. The selection of appropriate source of biodiesel and proper blending of biodiesel plays a major role in alternate energy production. This paper describes an application of hybrid Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique for the selection of optimum biodiesel blend in the IC engine. The proposed model, Analytical Network Process (ANP) is integrated with Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to evaluate the optimum blend. Here the ANP is used to determine the relative weights of the criteria, whereas TOPSIS is used for obtaining the final ranking of alternative blends. An efficient pair-wise comparison process and ranking of alternatives can be achieved for optimum blend selection through the integration of ANP and TOPSIS. The obtained preference order for the blends are as B20 > B40 > Diesel > B60 > B80 > B100. This paper highlights a new insight into MCDM techniques to evaluate the best fuel blend for the decision makers such as engine manufactures and R&D engineers to meet the fuel economy and emission norms to empower the green revolution.     

Biochemical responses in armored catfish (Pterygoplichthys anisitsi) after short-term exposure to diesel oil,pure biodiesel and biodiesel blends

Biodiesel fuel is gradually replacing petroleum-based diesel oil use. Despite the biodiesel being considered friendlier to the environment, little is known about its effects in aquatic organisms. In this work we evaluated whether biodiesel exposure can affect oxidative stress parameters and biotransformation enzymes in armored catfish (Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, Loricariidae), a South American endemic species. Thus, fish were exposed for 2 and 7 d to 0.01 mL L⁻¹ and 0.1 mL L⁻¹ of pure diesel, pure biodiesel (B100) and blends of diesel with 5% (B5) and 20% (B20) biodiesel. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) levels and the activities of the enzymes glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in liver and gills. Also, DNA damage (8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine) levels in gills and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in liver were assessed. Pure diesel, B5 and B20 blends changed most of the enzymes tested and in some cases, B5 and B20 induced a higher enzyme activity than pure diesel. Antioxidant system activation in P. anisitsi was effective to counteract reactive oxygen species effects, since DNA damage and lipid peroxidation levels were maintained at basal levels after all treatments. However, fish gills exposed to B20 and B100 presented increased lipid peroxidation. Despite biodiesel being more biodegradable fuel that emits less greenhouse gases, the increased lipid peroxidation showed that biofuel and its blends also represent hazards to aquatic biota.     

用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测纳污水体毒性的研究

用蚕豆初生根尖细胞微核技术监测污染的水系统，1986年已被国家环保局编入《环境监测技术规范》（水环境部分），并已在全国推广使用。现在利用这一测试方法对大庆南线排水干渠进行监测，从对生物的毒性角度出发，评价油田30年开发以来水体的污染程度，为环境管理和防治提供了新的科学依据。     

太白楤木芽挥发性成分及抑菌活性研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从太白楤木芽中提取挥发油,出油率为1.33％.用GC-MS联用方法,在最佳分析条件下共分离出31个峰,对其化学成分进行分析,鉴定出23个化学成分,鉴定率为74.2％;同时,对太白楤木芽挥发油的抑菌作用进行了研究,结果表明,太白楤木芽挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和痢疾杆菌的生长具有明显的抑制作用.     

油田污水膜法处理工艺优化及膜污染分析

利用扫描电镜、原子力显微镜、能谱分析等对油田采出水膜污染的机理进行研究,确定了污水中的有机污染物是导致膜污染的主要因素.通过优化预处理,控制膜污染,形成以生物接触氧化为核心的预处理与膜过滤相集成的油田污水资源化处理工艺.现场试验结果表明：预处理后污水COD67.3～92.6mg/L,浊度〈0.5NTU,悬浮物〈1.0mg/L,含油〈1.0mg/L,保障了膜过滤系统的稳定运行.膜过滤产水达到油田锅炉用水和配制聚合物用水标准.     

海洋污染对毛蚶过氧化氢酶影响研究

采用体内染毒实验，研究了海洋常见污染物O#柴油、二甲苯以及重金属镉（Cd^2 ）对毛蚶（Scpharca subcrenata)肌肉过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响；并探讨了O#柴油、二甲苯体外染毒对毛蚶肌肉CAT活性的影响。结果表明：在实验剂量范围内，3种污染物在低浓度下对毛蚶肌肉组织中CAT活性均起诱导作用，高浓度则表现为不同程度的抑制作用；O#柴油、二甲苯体外染毒对毛蚶肌肉CAT活性均产生诱导作用；无论体外、体内染毒毛蚶肌肉CAT活性与各污染物浓度间均存在剂量/效应关系。     

非分散红外光度法测定钦食业油烟的排放浓度

将采集油烟的滤筒,移入比色管内已定容的CCl4溶剂中,将比色管置于超声器上清洗20min,用非分散红外光度法可直接测定清洗液中油烟的含量.实际样品测定结果表明,该方法简便易行,准确性较好.