Experimental investigation on engine performances,combustion characteristics and emission of exhaust gases of VCR engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester blended with diesel

This research work investigates the engine performances, combustion characteristics, and emission of exhaust gases of variable compression ratio engine fuelled with cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME) and diesel at different blends. The analysis showed that heat release rate and cylinder pressure is higher for diesel than COME blends. Higher BTE is obtained at the maximum load condition. The higher BTE and lower SFC are obtained for blend B15 as 42.17% and 0.2 kg/kW-hr at brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 4.64 bar. Also it is found that the peak cylinder gas pressure and combustion duration increases when the BMEP increases. At the BMEP of 3.51 bar, higher HRR is observed as 18.12 J/deg. Increase in HRR is obtained as 6.07% for B30 at BMEP of 4.64 bar when compared to diesel. Ignition delay decreased by 13.16% for B100, by the increment of blend proportions when compared to diesel, at BMEP of 4.64 bar. Lower smoke, HC and CO emissions are observed when increasing the blend proportions, whereas the nitric oxide emissions increases due to the better combustion resulted in higher temperatures. At BMEP of 4.64 bar, the CO emissions are reduced to 25.24% for neat biodiesel when compared with the diesel.     

Biodiesel production from a free fatty acid containing Karanja oil by a single-step heterogeneously catalyzed process

Karanja oil, containing 6.2% free fatty acids (FFAs), was considered for biodiesel production using a single-step solid-phase acid catalyzed process. Different types of zeolites and Amberlyst15 catalysts were tested and biodiesel was produced. Under similar conditions, the highest biodiesel yield was achieved using an Amberlyst15 catalyst, which contained 3–5% of moisture. The effects of operating parameters of the reaction such as reaction temperature, catalyst amount, and methanol-to-oil ratio were studied. An increase of methanol:oil ratio revealed a non-monotonic increase in biodiesel yields. Similar non-monotonic behavior was observed when Jatropha oil was used. Leaching and catalyst reusability were also considered. No significant effects of leaching were observed and catalyst reusability appeared to be affected by methanol interactions. The presence of a co-solvent, Tetrahydrofuran (THF), increased the biodiesel yield. Furthermore, an optimum amount of THF (THF:methanol volume ratio of 1:2) gave rise to the highest biodiesel yield. A biodiesel yield of 93% was achieved at 120 °C using a single-step process with Amberlyst15 as a catalyst, THF as a co-solvent, and a methanol:oil ratio of 30:1.     

Selection of optimum fish oil fuel blend to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in an IC engine—A hybrid multiple criteria decision aid approach

The increasing demand on energy due to population growth and rising of living standards has led to considerable use of fossil fuels which has in turn, had an adverse impact on environmental pollution and depletion of fossil fuels in Internal Combustion (IC) engine sector. Alternative fuel blend evaluation in IC engine fuel technologies is a very important strategic decision involving decisions balancing within a number of criteria and opinions from different decision maker of IC engine experts. The selection of appropriate source of biodiesel and proper blending of biodiesel plays a major role in alternate energy production. This paper describes an application of hybrid Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique for the selection of optimum biodiesel blend in the IC engine. The proposed model, Analytical Network Process (ANP) is integrated with Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to evaluate the optimum blend. Here the ANP is used to determine the relative weights of the criteria, whereas TOPSIS is used for obtaining the final ranking of alternative blends. An efficient pair-wise comparison process and ranking of alternatives can be achieved for optimum blend selection through the integration of ANP and TOPSIS. The obtained preference order for the blends are as B20 > B40 > Diesel > B60 > B80 > B100. This paper highlights a new insight into MCDM techniques to evaluate the best fuel blend for the decision makers such as engine manufactures and R&D engineers to meet the fuel economy and emission norms to empower the green revolution.     

Biochemical responses in armored catfish (Pterygoplichthys anisitsi) after short-term exposure to diesel oil,pure biodiesel and biodiesel blends

Biodiesel fuel is gradually replacing petroleum-based diesel oil use. Despite the biodiesel being considered friendlier to the environment, little is known about its effects in aquatic organisms. In this work we evaluated whether biodiesel exposure can affect oxidative stress parameters and biotransformation enzymes in armored catfish (Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, Loricariidae), a South American endemic species. Thus, fish were exposed for 2 and 7 d to 0.01 mL L⁻¹ and 0.1 mL L⁻¹ of pure diesel, pure biodiesel (B100) and blends of diesel with 5% (B5) and 20% (B20) biodiesel. Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) levels and the activities of the enzymes glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in liver and gills. Also, DNA damage (8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine) levels in gills and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in liver were assessed. Pure diesel, B5 and B20 blends changed most of the enzymes tested and in some cases, B5 and B20 induced a higher enzyme activity than pure diesel. Antioxidant system activation in P. anisitsi was effective to counteract reactive oxygen species effects, since DNA damage and lipid peroxidation levels were maintained at basal levels after all treatments. However, fish gills exposed to B20 and B100 presented increased lipid peroxidation. Despite biodiesel being more biodegradable fuel that emits less greenhouse gases, the increased lipid peroxidation showed that biofuel and its blends also represent hazards to aquatic biota.     

不同类型海岸的溢油清理方法

世界石油资源分布和需求的不均衡性,促进了海上石油工业和石油运输业的快速发展,同时也增加了溢油事故的几率.海上溢油污染问题日趋严重,溢油污染对海洋环境、生态、资源、经济及人类生产生活等造成了巨大的影响,日益引起社会各界的关注.海岸溢油污染清理实践表明,正确的溢油清理方案的制定应综合考虑海岸的敏感性指数、溢油的类型、清理方法可能带来的危害以及支际可操作程度等.对包括盐沼地海岸和红树林海岸,沉积海岸,以及岩石海岸三类典型海岸的国内外现有海岸溢油污染清理技术进行了详细的综述,以期为我国的海岸带管理和溢油应急计划的制订提供技术参考.     

基于试验模态分析的原油储罐损伤识别研究

基于试验模态分析的基本原理,对立式拱顶钢制原油储罐模型进行应变模态试验,考察了模态参数对原油储罐模型损伤程度和损伤位置的识别能力。试验分析表明,罐体结构在损伤位置相同的情况下,损伤程度越大,频率的衰减增大,但相对变化率的变化规律不甚明显;位移振型不能给出损伤的位置信息,振型差曲线可以识别出罐体损伤位置;随着模型内充水高度上升,结构频率呈下降趋势,反映了附加质量和附加阻尼的作用;罐内液体存在对损伤位置识别影响不大。     

油脂废水絮凝预处理实验研究

对含高浓度硫酸根离子的强酸性油脂废水进行了絮凝预处理实验研究.实验表明,对COD浓度20 000～30 000 mg/L、硫酸根离子浓度约30 000 mg/L的废水,室温条件下用石灰将pH值调至7～9,投加PAC 4 g/L,快速搅拌(约180 r/min)1 min,投加PAM 20 mg/L,再慢速搅拌(约50 r/min)5 min,COD去除率可达到31.0%～43.2%,而硫酸根离子的去除率可达到90%以上,大大改善了后续生化处理的条件.     

原油储罐区可燃气体探测器布置优化方案研究

为有效预警原油储备区储罐气体泄漏,制定气体探测器布置优化方案,以某大型原油站库为例,基于CFD法和FLACS软件模拟原油泄漏及可燃蒸汽云溢散分布,通过分析蒸汽云扩散规律,实现全方位气体探测器优化布置.结果表明:原油储罐区探测器分别布置在区块21-2、6-1、31-1、40-2,且每个罐组总计布置16处;优化设置方案可满...     

煤焦油加氢制燃料油的试验研究

实验室研究利用煤焦油研制汽柴油替代品燃料油.以高温煤焦油为原料,选择加氢保护剂、脱金属剂及加氢精制催化剂,采用加氢工艺,脱除煤焦油中硫、氮、氧和金属等有害杂质,使煤焦油中烯烃饱和,从而改善煤焦油质量,制得合格的汽油、柴油替代品燃料油.     

加油站三次油气回收技术现状分析与性能提升技术研究

针对近年来加油站三次油气回收设备排放频繁超标的问题,对加油站已投用的三次油气回收设备进行调研分析,找出导致三次油气回收设备排放超标的原因,通过数据模拟对相关结论进行验证,提出解决三次油气回收设备超标排放问题的技术提升措施。