Nonylphenol in the environment: a critical review on occurrence, fate, toxicity and treatment in wastewaters

Nonylphenol is a toxic xenobiotic compound classified as an endocrine disrupter capable of interfering with the hormonal system of numerous organisms. It originates principally from the degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates which are widely used as industrial surfactants. Nonylphenol ethoxylates reach sewage treatment works in substantial quantities where they biodegrade into several by-products including nonylphenol. Due to its physical-chemical characteristics, such as low solubility and high hydrophobicity, nonylphenol accumulates in environmental compartments that are characterised by high organic content, typically sewage sludge and river sediments, where it persists. The occurrence of nonylphenol in the environment is clearly correlated with anthropogenic activities such as wastewater treatment, landfilling and sewage sludge recycling. Nonylphenol is found often in matrices such as sewage sludge, effluents from sewage treatment works, river water and sediments, soil and groundwater. The impacts of nonylphenol in the environment include feminization of aquatic organisms, decrease in male fertility and the survival of juveniles at concentrations as low as 8.2 mug/l. Due to the harmful effects of the degradation products of nonylphenol ethoxylates in the environment, the use and production of such compounds have been banned in EU countries and strictly monitored in many other countries such as Canada and Japan. Although it has been shown that the concentration of nonylphenol in the environment is decreasing, it is still found at concentrations of 4.1 mug/l in river waters and 1 mg/kg in sediments. Nonylphenol has been referred to in the list of priority substances in the Water Frame Directive and in the 3rd draft Working Document on Sludge of the EU. Consequently there is currently a concern within some industries about the possibility of future regulations that may impose the removal of trace contaminants from contaminated effluents. The significance of upgrading sewage treatment works with advanced treatment technologies for removal of trace contaminants is discussed.     

Mechanical performance and capillary water absorption of sewage sludge ash concrete (SSAC)

Disposal of sewage sludge from waste water treatment plants is a serious environmental problem of increasing magnitude. Waste water treatment generates as much as 70 g of dry solids per capita per day. Although one of the disposal solutions for this waste is through incineration, still almost 30% of sludge solids remain as ash. This paper presents results related to reuse of sewage sludge ash in concrete. The sludge was characterised for chemical composition (X-ray flourescence analysis), crystalline phases (X-ray diffraction analysis) and pozzolanic activity. The effects of incineration on crystal phases of the dry sludge were investigated. Two water/cement (W/C) ratios (0.55 and 0.45) and three sludge ash percentages (5%, 10% and 20%) per cement mass were used as filler. The mechanical performance of sewage sludge ash concrete (SSAC) at different curing ages (3, 7, 28 and 90 days) was assessed by means of mechanical tests and capillary water absorption. Results show that sewage sludge ash leads to a reduction in density and mechanical strength and to an increase in capillary water absorption. Results also show that SSAC with 20% of sewage sludge ash and W/C = 0.45 has a 28 day compressive strength of almost 30 MPa. SSAC with a sludge ash contents of 5% and 10% has the same capillary water absorption coefficient as the control concrete; as for the concrete mixtures with 20% sludge ash content, the capillary water absorption is higher but in line with C20/25 strength class concretes performance.     

炼油化工污水处理中活性污泥膨胀原因分析

针对工业废水采用普通活性污泥法处理易出现的丝状菌型污泥膨胀,分析和总结出五种主要膨胀类型:低负荷型、低溶解氧型、营养缺乏型、高硫化物型、pH值不平衡型。对污泥负荷、溶解氧、污水种类、营养成分及pH值和温度的变化等因素对污泥膨胀中菌胶团和丝状菌生长的相互影响进行阐述,给出污泥膨胀理论,并对不同类型的污泥膨胀提出相应的控制方法。     

FND- CASS工艺处理城市污水的试验研究

为进一步提高循环式活性污泥工艺(CASS)的脱氮除磷效果,改变其运行方式,采用好氧脉冲曝气,提出频繁硝化-反硝化循环式活性污泥工艺(FND-CASS).结果表明,FND-CASS工艺与CASS工艺相比,在去除污水中有机物方面能力略有下降,但在脱氮除磷方面具有明显的优势.在同样的进水流量且DO浓度控制较低的运行条件下,F...     

污泥焚烧工艺研究

通过对国内外污泥处置现状的比较,得出污泥焚烧是我国污泥处置的发展趋势的结论.着重论述了污泥单独焚烧和混合燃烧的工艺及技术,指出污泥焚烧过程中的能量以及焚烧产物的资源化出处.     

EGSB反应器回流方式改变的对比实验研究

厌氧颗粒污泥的培养和保持是EGSB反应器使用中的关键问题.通过改变常规EGSB反应器出水回流方式,将出水与回流水在沉淀区分离,能得到更好的水力条件,离散率更高,并且反应器内的死区减少,有效颗粒污泥的质量分数能提高13%,出水SS最大降低65 mg/L,从而有利于厌氧反应器内有效颗粒污泥的生长和更有效地去除污染物.     

使用撬装式生物反应器处理含油污泥的现场试验

以长庆油田华池作业区93#井场的修井油泥为对象,添加石油降解菌剂、营养盐、膨松剂,使用撬装式生物反应器控制反应温度及提供全面的机械搅拌增进溶氧量与营养物质的传递速率,对初始含油量为7.24%的含油污泥进行24d的生物强化降解后,含油量下降为0.23%。结果表明,使用撬装式生物反应器可以使微生物快速高效的降解石油污染物,...     

剩余污泥碱性发酵产物对硝化过程及性能的影响

为探究剩余污泥碱性发酵产物作为碳源对硝化过程及性能的影响,建立了以污泥碱性发酵混合物作为碳源的生物脱氮(BNR)系统.投加初期,氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝态氮氧化菌(NOB)活性均受到抑制;16 d后AOB活性开始迅速恢复,NOB活性仍受到抑制,比硝态氮积累速率(SNaPR,以N/VSS计)由初始的0.179 1 g·(g·d)~(-1)下降至0.007 8 g·(g·d)~(-1),系统内亚硝积累率由8.12%上升至91.42%并维持稳定.将污泥发酵混合物分离为污泥发酵液和污泥发酵底泥,考察添加3种不同类型的发酵产物对硝化效果良好的全程硝化污泥硝化活性的影响.结果表明,投加污泥碱性发酵混合物和投加碱性发酵液的实验组,NOB活性皆有所下降,SNaPR由初始的0.179 3 g·(g·d)~(-1)分别下降至0.151 0 g·(g·d)~(-1)和0.161 7 g·(g·d)~(-1);投加发酵底泥的实验组,NOB的活性有所上升,SNaPR由0.179 3 g·(g·d)~(-1)上升至0.186 4 g·(g·d)~(-1).因此,当利用污泥发酵混合物和发酵液作为碳源时,在硝化过程中,能抑制系统内NOB的活性,实现短程硝化过程,有利于加速硝化速率及节省该类型碳源的投加.     

基于铁锰泥的除砷颗粒吸附剂制备及其比较

地下水除铁除锰滤池反冲洗铁锰泥具有良好的除砷效果,但因其粉末形态不易固液分离,本文采用高温烘焙法和包埋法以铁锰泥为原料制备颗粒吸附剂,其中包埋法采用烘干和冻干两种干燥方法制粒.结果表明,3种颗粒吸附剂:高温烘焙颗粒吸附剂(GA)、包埋烘干吸附剂(H-GA)和包埋冻干吸附剂(D-GA),表面粗糙,比表面积分别为43. 830、110. 30和129. 18 m~2·g~(-1).吸附实验表明,H-GA和D-GA对砷的吸附远大于GA,GA、H-GA和D-GA最大吸附量分别为5. 05、14. 95和13. 45 mg·g~(-1). Langmuir模型能更好地拟合H-GA和D-GA对砷的吸附,Freundlich模型更好地拟合GA的吸附过程,准一级动力学和准二级动力学模型均能拟合3种吸附剂的动力学数据.酸性环境更有利于砷的吸附.包埋法制备的颗粒吸附剂H-GA和D-GA保留了铁锰泥原始结构,比表面积也远大于GA,因此吸附效果比GA好.两种干燥方式烘干和冻干对吸附没有明显影响.     

污泥停留时间对餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥中温厌氧混合发酵系统的影响

采用连续搅拌釜式反应器(CSTR)成功启动了餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合发酵平行系统,重点探究了不同污泥停留时间(SRT)缩减幅度对于餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的影响.结果表明,较大幅度地缩减SRT( 8. 3 d)提升反应器运行负荷,不利于反应器的稳定运行;随着反应器运行负荷的增加,SRT缩减幅度应逐渐降低(5～0. 9 d),能够取得餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统的高负荷稳定运行.经过282 d的运行,CSTR混合发酵系统能够在SRT为9. 1 d,进料负荷(以COD计)为(12. 9±1. 5) g·(L·d)~(-1)的条件下稳定运行,相应的甲烷产量为3. 94～4. 25 L·(L·d)~(-1),甲烷产率(以COD计)为288～302 m L·g-1,p H和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA,以COD计)分别稳定在7. 80～7. 83和0. 32～0. 39 g·L-1.此外,还探究了高负荷条件下餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵污泥特性,结果表明,餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统甲烷转化途径以乙酸转化途径为主,具有较高的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的产甲烷活性和辅酶F420的质量摩尔浓度.