气候变化经济学研究综述

对近10 a来国内外有关气候变化经济学研究成果作了综述。气候变化经济学是一门研究人类干预气候变化过程中涉及经济过程的学科。当前的研究热点包括气候变化的经济影响、适应措施的成本和收益、国际合作机制和涉及代际公平的折现率选取。 在研究方法上,对得到广泛运用的成本收益分析法和碳税机制作了详细的评述。在应用层面上,欧美发达国家在城市气候变化经济评估系统建立和碳税征收方面都有成功的应用,但我国在这方面的实践还处于起步阶段。对于我国气候变化经济学领域的研究来说,比较适合在发达省份以市域或省域为单位开展成本收益评估,发展中省份则应将更多关注放在评估气候变化可能造成的经济损害及相应的防范措施。此外,我国也应关注在欧盟地区实施较为成功的碳税政策,虽然目前在中国开征碳税的可能性较低,但是对碳税在中国实施的可行性、税率选取及立法保障机制等方面的探讨和研究仍是必要的     

西安f7地裂缝发展变化的预测研究

论文首先分析和总结了影响西安地裂缝发展变化的主要人为因素。随后,利用三维非稳定渗流分析方法研究了人类活动对地下水位的影响;根据西安市新增固定资产投资的变化,预测了地面荷载的变化;以时间、地下水位和地面荷载为基本变量,建立了预测f 7地裂缝活动趋势的BP神经网络模型;最后,借助MATLAB语言进行编程,利用训练稳定的网络模型,预测了f 7地裂缝的活动趋势以及年平均的垂直位移沉降量,为进一步研究西安地铁2号线安全运行和防护提供参考依据。     

国外资源型城市发展与转型研究综述

资源型城市的建设与发展是一个世界性的普遍问题.目前我国资源型城市的持续、健康发展已成为全社会共同关注的焦点.为借鉴国外相关领域最新理论研究和实践经验,促进我国资源型城市的转型与可持续发展,本文以国外资源型城市研究中引用率较高的文献作为主要参考,结合一些新近发表的相关论著,对国外资源型城市发展与转型研究进行了系统的总结和分析.结果表明:国外资源型城市研究经历了理论奠基与初步发展、理论规范性研究、转型研究和可持续发展研究四个阶段,各阶段在研究背景、研究内容、理论基础、研究重点等方面具有不同的特点.进而开展国内外资源型城市研究的对比分析,发现它们在资源型城市的定义和范畴、城市特征、企业与城市关系,以及研究领域和研究传统、研究手段和研究方法等方面存在联系与差异.最后提出应从完善研究内容、改进研究方法等方面出发,构建符合我国国情和资源型城市特征的资源型城市发展与转型研究方法和理论框架.     

微波诱导催化技术在环境治理中的应用研究

微波诱导催化技术以其快速、高效和无二次污染等特点,日益受到环保研究者的重视。目前,微波诱导催化技术已在大气污染控制、水污染控制及固体废弃物处理与处置等环境治理领域取得了显著效果。阐述了微波诱导催化技术的基本原理、催化反应的催化剂和载体及催化反应的机制,归纳了微波诱导催化技术在环境治理中的应用现况及实例,分析了微波诱导催化技术在实际应用中存在的问题,并提出相应的解决措施,最后对微波诱导催化技术在环境治理领域中的进一步应用进行了展望。     

高铁酸盐处理有机废水的研究进展

综述了高铁酸盐去除水中藻类、细菌、烃类衍生物、药品、农药、染料等有机污染物的国内外最新研究进展,并对高铁酸盐的高效利用进行了探讨。高铁酸盐可破坏藻类和细菌细胞的完整性,将大分子芳香烃衍生物氧化为低毒的小分子中间体,将小分子链烃衍生物矿化,破坏药品、农药及染料的不饱和双键。无机矿物在溶液中负载高铁酸盐或将高分子有机物与固体高铁酸盐混合造粒,将是高铁酸盐高效利用领域的研究热点。     

Assessing water use and quality through youth participatory research in a rural Andean watershed

Water availability, use and quality in a rural watershed of the Colombian Andes were investigated through participatory research involving local youth. Research included the quantification of disaggregated water use at the household level; comparison of water use with availability; monitoring water quality of streams, community water intakes and household faucets; and the determination of land use – water quality interactions. Youth were involved in all aspects of the research from design to implementation, dissemination of results and remediation options. Quantification of domestic and on-farm water use, and water availability indicated that water availability was sufficient during the study period, but that only an 8% decrease in dry season supply would result in shortages. Elevated conductivity levels in the headwaters were related to “natural” bank erosion, while downstream high conductivity and coliform levels were associated with discharges from livestock stalls and poorly maintained septic tanks in the stream buffer zone. Through the involvement of youth as co-investigators, the knowledge generated by the research was appropriated at the local level. Community workshops led by local youth promoted water conservation and water quality protection practices based on research, and resulted in broader community participation in water management. The approach involving youth in research stimulated improved management of both land and water resources, and could be applied in small rural watersheds in developed or developing countries.     

Lessons from Integrating Fishers of Arapaima in Small-Scale Fisheries Management at the Mamirauá Reserve,Amazon

Fishers and small-scale fisheries worldwide have been marginalized historically. Now it is clear that integrating fishers in management processes is key to resource conservation, but it is less clear how to do it. Here, based on a literature review and new information, we present and analyze a case in which the participation of fishers in the management process was crucial in recovering an overexploited small-scale fishery for the pirarucu (Arapaima spp.) in the Amazon Basin, Brazil. In 8 years of experimental management, from 1999 to 2006, the population of pirarucu increased 9-fold (from about 2200 to 20,650 individuals), harvest quotas increased 10-fold (from 120 to 1249 individuals), and fishers’ participation in the management process increased and they benefited from increased monetary returns. Additionally, the number of communities conducting the management scheme increased from 4 in 1999 to 108 in 2006, following the demands of fishers and regional government agencies. Based on our analysis, we suggest that the participation of fishers in the management of other small-scale fisheries in the world can be improved by focusing on (1) applying the knowledge and skills of fishers in resource monitoring and management, (2) bridging knowledge systems among all involved stakeholders, (3) collaborating with fishers that are interested in, and capable of conducting, resource conservation schemes, and (4) conducting management under conditions of uncertainty.     

泥石流坝后侵蚀坑纵剖面形态及最大深度实验研究

泥石流拦砂坝坝后侵蚀坑形态和深度是泥石流冲刷基础研究的薄弱环节。通过室内水槽实验,探讨了泥石流坝后侵蚀坑的形态和不同实验控制条件下侵蚀坑深度的变化规律等。由实验观察可知,侵蚀坑纵剖面整体上呈现两端浅中间深的形态特征,其最深点的位置随水槽坡度增大向下游方向发展;侵蚀坑坑内上游坡度较下游坡度陡,对于具有相同级配的粘性砂和无粘性砂,无粘性砂的侵蚀坑坑内坡度较粘性砂的缓;侵蚀坑的最大深度受沟床纵坡、泥石流的容重、沟床组成物质的性质(特征粒径、粘性)等因素的影响较大;泥砂粘性的存在将大大削弱侵蚀的深度。     

突发事件应急准备体系研究进展及关键科学问题

本文对应急准备体系相关的应急准备概念、战略规划方法、系统组成与结构、能力评估、应急组织架构与运行模式、应急预案及培训演练、应急准备文化等7个方面的国内外研究现状进行了简要分析,并提出了应急准备规划理论与方法、应急准备系统结构、任务和目标能力、应急准备评估理论与方法、应急准备文化的内涵与特征等应急准备体系理论研究方面的关键科学问题。