基于调查的中国秸秆露天焚烧污染物排放清单

基于2010年初农村能源消费情况的问卷调查,获得全国分省秸秆露天焚烧比例,在此基础上确定秸秆露天焚烧的活动水平,采用排放因子法建立中国秸秆露天焚烧的污染物排放清单. 结果表明,中国农村秸秆露天焚烧平均比例为20.8%. 2009年全国28个省区(不包括西藏自治区、天津市、上海市、港澳台地区,下同)秸秆露天焚烧的PM_2.5、BC、OC、SO₂、NO_x、CO、NMVOC、NH₃、CH₄和CO₂排放量分别138.1×104、6.4×104、41.1×104、8.7×104、41.8×104、594.6×104、94.4×104、8.0×104、44.2×104和14 355.4×104 t. 稻谷、玉米和小麦是露天焚烧的三大作物秸秆,其对污染物排放的贡献合计约为87%. 秸秆露天焚烧排放量最高的前3位分别为湖南省、河南省和安徽省, 秸秆露天焚烧比例分别43.1%、20.8%和39.7%. 污染排放的高值区主要集中在华北和华中地区. 95%置信区间下的不确定性分析结果显示,PM_2.5、BC、OC、SO₂、NO_x、CO和NMVOC排放的不确定性范围分别为-60%~83%、-78%~147%、-73%~135%、-48%~75%、-49%~78%、-91%~155%和-67%~94%. 2015年初对六省(湖南省、广东省、江苏省、河南省、黑龙江省和辽宁省)农村能源消费调查的结果显示,2014年江苏省、湖南省和广东省的秸秆露天焚烧比例较2009年均有下降,而辽宁省、黑龙江省和河南省则相对上升. 研究显示,秸秆禁烧政策已取得初步成效,建议国家有关部门进一步加大秸秆禁烧政策的推行力度,完善相关政策措施.      

Sobriety checkpoint and open container laws in the United States: Associations with reported drinking-driving

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess how 2 types of drinking-driving laws—permitting sobriety checkpoints and prohibiting open containers of alcohol in motor vehicles—are associated with drinking-driving and how enforcement efforts may affect these associations.

Methods: We obtained 2010 data on state-level drinking-driving laws and individual-level self-reported drinking-driving from archival sources (Alcohol Policy Information System, NHTSA, and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). We measured enforcement of the laws via a 2009 survey of state patrol agencies. We computed multilevel regression models (separate models for each type of law) that first examined how having the state law predicted drinking-driving, controlling for various state- and individual-level covariates; we then added the corresponding enforcement measure as another potential predictor.

Results: We found that states with a sobriety checkpoint law, compared with those without a law, had 18.2% lower drinking-driving; states that conducted sobriety checks at least monthly (vs. not conducting checks) had 40.6% lower drinking-driving (the state law variable was not significant when enforcement was added). We found no significant association between having an open container law and drinking-driving, but states that conducted open container enforcement, regardless of having a law, had 17.6% less drinking-driving.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that having a sobriety checkpoint law and conducting checkpoints as well as enforcement of open containers laws may be effective strategies for addressing drinking-driving.     

网格化管理对环境治理体系创新的研究

网格化管理能打破部门与职能边界,突破层级节制的组织结构,其精细化、责任化、规范化、高效化引发城市网格化管理热潮,但其管控性、封闭化、重行政化又备受质疑.网格化治理对网格化管理进行了探讨,对网格化的优缺点进行了扬弃,对网格化的吸纳治理理念,弱化管控思想进行了分析,对网格化在治理体系、治理主体、治理手段、治理过程上深度契合进行了探讨,坚决以党的十八届三中全会提出的治理现代化理念为中心,为子孙后代,为环境治理做出贡献.     

Supervisor monitoring and subordinate innovation

This study introduces a new and parsimonious classification of supervisor monitoring (observational monitoring and interactional monitoring) and examines the effects of these two monitoring styles on subordinate innovation. Guided by social exchange theory, we propose that the two monitoring styles influence subordinate job attitudes (trust and distrust in their supervisor), relationship quality (leader–member exchange), and work behaviors (feedback‐seeking behaviors), which, in turn, affect their innovation. The pilot study developed the scales for the two monitoring styles and tested their content validity among 189 undergraduate students. Using a sample of 385 subordinates, Study 1 assessed the construct validity of the two monitoring styles. In Study 2, the results of a survey of 388 supervisor–subordinate dyads show support for the proposed theoretical model. Specifically, observational monitoring and interactional monitoring were related to subordinates' trust and distrust in their supervisor. Trust and distrust in the supervisor, in turn, were related to the quality of the leader–member exchange, feedback‐seeking behaviors, and ultimately, supervisor‐rated innovation. These findings suggest that supervisors' monitoring styles have both positive and negative effects on their subordinates' innovation, which depends on the type of monitoring supervisors engage in. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Open workshops as sites of innovative socio-economic practices: approaching urban post-growth by assemblage theory

ABSTRACT

Current debates on knowledge-based and creative locational development have come to deal with small urban places of novelty that formerly remained unnoticed. A plethora of new forms of producing and working recently emerged in unplanned and uncoordinated ways, bearing odd names such as FabLabs, Open Worklabs, RealLabs, Open Design Cities, Techshops, Repair Cafés, and more (Smith, A., M. Fressoli, D. Abrol, E. Arond, and A. Ely. 2017. Grassroots Innovation Movements. London: Routledge). Political initiatives have been taken by surprise; at the same time, standard epistemic tools of the social sciences and economics have been rendered unfit. More concise analytical reconstructions are needed to adequately capture the variety and complexity of these “labs”, their heterogeneous causation, their contingent proceedings, their surplus of latency, their peculiar power relations and their local embeddings. Urban social contexts have a strong triggering function as they help to re-configure older, and create new, combinations of heterogeneous social and economic agency. Meanwhile strong elements of grassroots innovation (Smith et al. 2017) have informed the formation of various models of alternative work and production. Taking the phenotype of open workshops as a revealing example, we take assemblage theory to describe the constitutive features of these new types of self-organised work, and the associated places of innovation. A fresh gaze on the complexity and open-endedness of socio-material formations may help to better understand the nature of emerging post-growth economies.     

Rapid Flood Damage Prediction and Forecasting Using Public Domain Cadastral and Address Point Data with Fuzzy Logic Algorithms

National Flood Interoperability Experiment (NFIE) derived technologies and workflows will offer the ability to rapidly forecast flood damages. Address Points used by emergency management personnel approximate the locations of buildings, and they are a common operating picture for emergency responders. Most United States (U.S.) county tax assessment offices throughout the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) produce georeferenced cadastral data. To varying degrees, these parcel data describe building characteristics of structures within the parcel. Address Point data with cadastral data offers the ability to rapidly develop building inventories for flood damage estimation. Flood damage forecasts can expedite recovery and improve short‐term flood resilience. In this work the authors evaluate Flood Damage Wizard, a proposed open source platform independent methodology. Flood Damage Wizard uses point shapefile building information to estimate flood damage to buildings by finding the appropriate depth‐damage function using fuzzy‐text matching. The authors apply Flood Damage Wizard using Address Point and parcel datasets to demonstrate a method of estimating flood damage to buildings nearly anywhere within the CONUS. Results indicate using Address Point and cadastral datasets can generate total flood damage estimates approximate to those estimated using existing software solutions Hazus‐MH and HEC‐FIA with minimal manual processing of input data.     

The influence of building renovation and rental housing on urban trees

Urban forest ecosystems are complex and vulnerable social–ecological systems. The relationship between urban forests and housing is particularly variable and uncertain. We examine the influence of building renovation and rental housing on public trees at the parcel and street-section scale in a residential neighbourhood in Toronto, Canada. We use empirical data describing multiple tree inventories and government open data describing building permit applications to test for effects on urban forest structure, tree mortality, and tree planting. We found that the presence and number of building permits significantly predicted mortality at both scales, while planting was positively correlated with building permits at the street-section scale only. Multi-unit parcels had significantly lower rates of planting than single-unit parcels and multi-unit housing was positively correlated with mortality at the street-section scale. These findings suggest that where concentrated changes in housing stock are occurring, substantial losses of trees and associated ecosystem services are possible.     

灾后承接非政府组织援助系统工程的综合集成模式——以汶川8.0级地震为例

分析了承接非政府组织(NGO)援助复杂巨系统的框架结构、时空结构、运行结构及整体特性;提出了地震灾后承接援助系统工程的综合集成模式;分别就承接援建集成工程的运作模式和具体实施框架进行了讨论;就援建系统工程、迎建系统工程、应急组织系统工程和保障系统工程等具体实施工程做了细致的阐述。     

一组表达安全创新的新概念及其关联问题

为提升安全创新能力和水平及公正评价安全成果,本文从表达安全创新的新概念创设开始,以科学学思想为指导,以元概念演绎法和双向思维法,创设了正负“元事物”“元创事物”“颠覆性元创事物”等系列新概念,将表达安全创新的“负元事物”“负元创事物”和“负颠覆性元创事物”等概念与商业和科技等颠覆性创新对等起来,并推论出正负两类“颠覆性元创事物”所涉及的重要科学问题。之后,通过正负两类“颠覆性元创事物”的比较,并以近期发生的新冠肺炎为典型案例,得到一些发展和鉴别“负颠覆性元创事物”的方法与途径。研究结果对安全科技创新发展和评价等具有重要的理论意义。