杭州湾南岸20 a水质净化功能变化及预测

区域水质净化功能及其影响因素的研究,对深入了解区域水质净化潜力,指导因地制宜的区域总体规划方案与环境保护措施具有重要的现实意义.研究区位于杭州湾南岸,是陆海相互作用的典型区域,承载着重要的经济发展及生态环境功能.基于收集的地形和土地利用类型数据,结合基于站点的气象数据,采用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型（InVEST模型）中的水质净化模型,研究杭州湾南岸氮（N）、磷（P）的负荷量、输出量和净化量的时空演变特征,探索不同发展情境下研究区域水质净化功能的差异.结果表明,时间上,N和P的输出量以及净化量在两年中存在明显差异,相比2000年,2020年研究区域N总负荷量减少276.72 t,输出量减少140.86 t,净化量减少137.86 t;P总负荷量增加93.65 t,输出量增加28.91 t,净化量增加64.74 t;空间上,N、P输出量空间分布趋势大致相同,总体呈现北高南低以及南部部分区域为高值的特征,与土地利用类型密切相关;基于不同情景的模拟分析表明,在自然发展优先情景下,研究区N、P的输出量分别为1 682.36 t和115.50 t,在经济发展优先情景下,区域N、P的输出量分别增加约83.02%和79.93%,在环境保护情景下,区域N、P的输出量分别减少约为79.96%和56.44%.因此环境保护发展优先情景,能有效地减少区域N和P的输出,提高水质净化功能.研究结果为制定区域陆海统筹的规划方案,促进研究区域内经济和生态的协同发展提供了坚实的理论基础.     

Triple-objective optimal sizing based on dynamic strategy for an islanded hybrid energy microgrid

A triple-objective optimal sizing method based on a dynamic strategy is presented for an islanded hybrid energy microgrid, consisting of wind turbine, solar photovoltaic, battery energy storage system and diesel generator. The dynamic strategy is given based on a dynamic complementary coordination between two different master-slave control modes for maximum renewable energy utilization. Combined with the proposed strategy, NSGA-II-based optimization program is applied to the sizing optimization problem with triple different objectives including the minimization of annualized system cost, the minimization of loss of power supply probability and the maximization of utilization ratio of renewable energy generation. The sizing results and the proposed strategy are both compared and analyzed to validate the proposed method in a real case of an islanded hybrid energy microgrid on Dong’ao Island, China.     

安徽省经济发展与生态环境耦合协调评价与趋势预测

本文遵循客观、科学、综合原则,运用熵值赋权法,对经济与生态环境系统进行了评价;采用动态耦合模型及剪刀差分析方法对经济发展与生态环境系统耦合协调状况进行了考察;借助Excel 2003软件,通过作散点图,比较拟合优度分析方法,对两者的协调前景进行了预测。结果表明:①经济发展与生态环境系统综合指数分别由2005年的0.2934、0.4198跃升至2015年的0.6236、0.4198,经济发展系统升幅明显高于生态环境系统。②2005—2015年,经济发展与生态环境系统动态耦合度均值为-6.95°,整体处于由低级协调向协调演进状态,而两者间演化速度夹角由2005年的18.56°扩展至2015年的82.4°。③若按既有惯性发展模式,2020年经济发展与生态环境系统耦合度将达155.74°,预期处于极限发展状态。基于研究结果,本文提出了相应的应对策略,可为新常态下安徽省制定经济与生态文明融动发展政策提供决策参考。     

城市生态保护红线与生态控制线协调性研究

生态保护红线与生态控制线是生态空间保护的两条主线,两线既有差别又紧密联系。生态保护红线是维护区域和城市生态安全的格局和数量底线,生态控制线是控制城市开发边界和保障生态安全划定的生态用地控制线。地市是两线划定的适宜尺度,本文在总结高、中、低不同开发强度城市两线探索实践的基础上,从两线联系与差异角度进行协调必要性分析。两线在概念内涵、法律地位、划定内容、技术方法、管控要求上的差异既是衔接的重点又是衔接的难点。然后,从空间、内容与管控等角度提出两线协调的思路,空间协调解决工作底图不统一、话语权不对等问题,内容协调解决生态用地保护目标不一致问题,管控协调解决部门管理准入条件不一致问题。最后,从工作机制角度,提出促进两线衔接的若干建议以及未来两线重点完善的内容和主要方向,为地市开展相关工作提供参考。     

新时代生态文明法律体系统筹协调与集成创新的进展和建议

在“五位一体”总体布局内,生态环保法律体系通过内外协调,进入以生态文明理念为指导的全面升级时期。绿色、循环、低碳要求的统筹协调和集成创新不断加强,明确了一些流域或区域的综合保护立法。对照生态文明体制改革要求,协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长的法制建设不足,山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理的法制建设不足,一些改革措施并未写入法律法规,一些概念和部门的职责并不清晰,一些特殊区域和流域缺乏综合性保护专门立法,影响绿色、循环、低碳发展的综合绩效。建议全面开展法制梳理,提升降碳、减污、扩绿、增长类法律法规的衔接性和互助性,促进山水林田湖草沙各要素法律法规的兼容性和协同性,针对特定流域和区域的保护、重点行业的绿色、循环、低碳发展及国土空间规划、自然资源资产管理等领域开展专门立法;界定有争议的概念,区分相关监管和监测职责;加强一般立法与流域、区域保护立法的衔接。     

对秦皇岛生态环境保护与旅游开发的调查与思考

良好的生态环境是人类生存和发展的基础,是经济社会发展的物质条件。保护和管理好自然生态环境,是实施可持续发展的关键,也是实现跨世纪绿色工程的重要战略。本文通过对秦皇岛生态环境保护与旅游开发的调查与思考得出结论：将秦皇岛建设成以旅游为龙头的生态城市是秦皇岛市建设和发展的方向。     

Cross-Boundary Coordination on Forested Landscapes: Investigating Alternatives for Implementation

Cross-boundary coordination is a tool for ecosystem management whereby landowners voluntarily coordinate management practices toward economic and/or ecological landscape-scale outcomes (e.g., fiber, invasive species control, habitat). Past research indicates that it may be particularly applicable on landscapes that include small forest landholdings. To explore alternatives by which coordination might occur, we conducted seven focus groups with landowners (n = 51) who actively manage their forests in southwest Wisconsin and northeast Iowa. Focus group participants were presented with three hypothetical alternatives to coordinate with their neighbors; landowners could self-organize, work with a natural resource professional (i.e., forester), or work with an organization to complete a cross-boundary practice. In this article, we focus on the latter two alternatives and the role of two social theories—principal-agent and cooperation—in explaining landowners’ evaluations of these alternatives. Key findings are that (1) cross-boundary coordination has the potential to alleviate problems between landowners and resource professionals inherent to their typical working relationship, and (2) social relationships are a major factor contributing to landowners’ willingness to participate. We posit that cross-boundary coordination offers a non-economic incentive for landowners to work together as it may reduce the uncertainty associated with hiring a resource professional. At the same time, professionals can provide a bridging function among landowners who are unacquainted. To achieve these outcomes and expand the adoption of cross-boundary coordination, we suggest four guidelines. First, foster dialogue among landowners toward shared cognition and oversight. Second, match landowners’ practices and objectives such that there are clear benefits to all. Third, develop relationships through low risk activities where possible. Fourth, do not expect on-going commitments.

城市人居环境与经济发展协调性分析——以南充市城市建成区为例

城市人居环境与经济协调发展是实现南充市可持续发展的重要途径。文章利用主成分分析法,求出1997—2006年南充市城市建成区人居环境与经济系统的综合发展指标,分析近10年城市人居环境与经济协调程度。     

成都市生态城市建设的路径设计

文章结合成都市自然资源的优势和特点,依据生态原理的基本思想,从城市河流生态的保护与建设;成都绿化的生态建设与城市生态社区示范建设;城乡融合生态系统的基本设计;成都郊县市生态农业、生态聚落的建设和生态建设总体布局与功能分区等五个方面进行了具体的分析,提出了相关的设计路径和措施。     

Metals in biomass

Background, Aim and Scope

Metal ions generally share the ability/tendency of interacting with biological material by forming complexes, except possibly for the heavy alkali metals K, Rb and Cs. This is unrelated to the metals being either essential for sustaining life and its reproduction, apparently insignificant for biology, although perhaps undergoing bioconcentration or even being outright toxic, even at low admission levels. Yet, those different kinds of metal-biomass interactions should in some way depend on properties describing coordination chemistries of these very metals. Nevertheless, both ubiquitously essential metals and others sometimes used in biology should share these properties in numeric terms, since it can be anticipated that they will be distinguished from nonessential and/or toxic ones. These features noted above include bioconcentration, the involvement of metal ions such as Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe, etc. in biocatalysis as crucial components of metalloenzymes and the introduction of a certain set of essential metals common to (almost) all living beings (K, Mg, Mo, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn), which occurred probably very early in biological evolution by ‘natural selection of the chemical elements’ (more exactly speaking, of the metallomes).

Materials and Methods

The approach is semiempirical and consists of three consecutive steps: 1) derivation of a regression equation which links complex stability data of different complexes containing the same metal ion to electrochemical data pertinent to the (replaced) ligands, thus describing properties of metal ions in complexes, 2) a graphical representation of the properties-two typical numbers c and x for each metal ion-in some map across the c/x-space, which additionally contains information about biological functions of these metal ions, i.e. whether they are essential in general (e.g. Mg, Mn, Zn) or, for a few organisms of various kinds (e.g. Cd, V), not essential (e.g. rare earth element ions) or even generally highly toxic (Hg, U). It is hypothesized that, if coordination properties of metals control their biological ‘feasibility’ in some way, this should show up in the mappings (one each for mono and bidentate-bonding ligands). 3) eventually, the regression equation produced in step 1) is inverted to calculate complex stabilities pertinent to biological systems: 3a) complex stabilities are mapped for ligands delivered to soil (-water) by green plants (e.g. citrate, malate) and fungi and, compared to their unlike selectivities and demands of metal use (photosynthesis taking place or not), 3b) the evolution of the metallome during late chemical evolution is reconstructed.

Results

These maps show some ‘window of essentiality’, a small, contrived range/area of c and x parameters in which essential metal ions gather almost exclusively. c and x thus control the possibility of a metal ion becoming essential by their influencing details of metal-substrate or (in cases of catalytic activities) metal-product interactions. Exceptions are not known to be involved in biocatalysis anyhow.

Discussion

Effects of ligands secreted, e.g. from tree roots or agaric mycelia to the soil on the respective modes (selectivities) of metal bioconcentration can be calculated by the equation giving complex stability constants, with obvious ramifications for a thorough, systematic interpretation of biomonitoring data. Eventually, alterations of C, N and P-compounds during chemical evolution are investigated — which converted CH₄ or CO₂, N₂ and other non-ligands to amino acids, etc., for example, with the latter behaving as efficient chelating ligands: Did they cause metal ions to accumulate in what was going to become biological matter and was there a selectivity, a positive bias in favour of nowessential metals (see above) in this process? Though there was no complete selectivity of this kind, neither a RNA world in which early ribozymes effected most of biocatalysis, nor a paleoatmosphere containing substantial amounts of CO could have paved the way to the present biochemistry and metallomes.

Conclusions

This way of reasoning provides a causal account for abundance distributions described earlier in the Biological System of Elements (BSE; Markert 1994, Fränzle &; Markert 2000, 2002). There is a pronounced change from chemical evolution, where but few transformations depended on metal ion catalysis to biology.

Recommendations and Perspectives

The application of this numerical approach can be used for modified, weighted evaluation of biomonitoring analytical data, likewise for the prediction of bioconcentration hazards due to a manifold of metal ions, including organometallic ones. This is relevant in ecotoxicology and biomonitoring. In combining apoproteins or peptides synthesized from scratch for purposes of catalysing certain transformations, the map and numerical approaches might prove useful for the selection of central ions which are even more efficient than the ‘natural’ ones, like for Co²⁺ in many Zn enzymes.