电离辐射处理工业废水的研究进展

在介绍电离辐射降解污染物机理的基础上,概述了电离辐射在水处理中的应用,重点讲述了影响污染物辐照降解的因素,包括水质（污染物初始浓度、pH值、溶剂性质和自由基清除剂）和辐射源（辐射源种类和辐照剂量率）两方面的影响,并讲述了污染物的辐照降解模型.最后提出电离辐射在水处理中存在的问题,对其研究和发展方向进行了展望.     

Assessing Major Ecosystem Types and the Challenge of Sustainability in Turkey

In recent years, Turkey has experienced rapid economic and population growth coupled with both an equally rapid increase in energy consumption and a vast disparity in welfare between socioeconomic groups and regions. In turn, these pressures have accelerated the destruction of productive, assimilative, and regenerative capacities of the ecosystems, which are essential for the well-being of the people and the economy. This paper describes the structure and function of major ecosystem types in Turkey and discusses the underlying causes of environmental degradation in the framework of economy, energy, environment, and ethics. From a national perspective, this paper suggests three sustainability-based policies necessary for Turkey's long-term interests that balance economic, environmental, and energy goals: (1) decoupling economic growth from energy consumption growth through the development of energy-efficient and renewable energy technologies; (2) linking economic efficiency and distributive justice of wealth and power through distributive and participatory public policies; and (3) integrating the economic and ecological systems through the internalization of externalities and ecosystem rehabilitation.     

Effect of Decalin Solvent on the Thermal Degradation of HDPE

The thermal cracking of HDPE in presence of different amounts of decalin was studied and compared with the reaction carried out in the absence of solvent. The decalin favours the mass and heat transfer during the reaction. In addition, it modifies the thermal degradation mechanism, which facilitates the formation of specific products. The use of decalin substantially increases the C₅–C₃₂ yield in comparison with the solventless reaction. In all cases, linear hydrocarbons such as n-paraffins, α-olefins and α,ω-dienes were detected. Increasing the decalin/plastic ratio led to enhanced α-olefin and n-paraffins yields, but the increase was more significant in the case of α-olefins, which are valuable compounds useful as raw chemicals. A reaction mechanism was proposed to explain the results obtained in presence of decalin. In these reactions, intramolecular radical transfer, secondary radical β-scission and hydrogen transfer from both decalin to intermediate radicals and from the polymer chain to regenerate the decalin play a significant role in determining the plastic conversion and the relative amounts of each product.     

伊利金川污水处理厂的设计与运行

根据乳品生产中产生的污水水质特点,对伊利金川污水处理厂采用“调节-隔油-UASB-SBR”工艺进行了工程设计。运行结果表明,采用UASB工艺处理乳品生产中的污水,绝大部分有机物可由厌氧微生物进行降解及去除,每天可减少供氧能耗约7900kW·h,每年可节约电费约130万元。出水水质符合GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准。同时,污水处理厂每天可产生约14300m3沼气(含9875m3甲烷),相当于9.8吨标准煤。沼气可用于低压锅炉燃烧原料,对于缓解目前能源日益紧缺的压力和发展企业的循环经济具有非常重要的意义。该工艺还具有路线短及能源回收等优点,实用性强。     

有机污染物的微生物处理研究进展

微生物处理是一种费用低，效果好，无二次污染且操作简单的处理方法。本文就国内外污泥中有机污染物的微生物处理进行了论述，总结了微生物处理有机污染的研究进展及其主要研究方向。     

Improvement of Waste Recycling in PET Fiber Production

Production of polyethylene teraphtalate (PET) fiber in the world is increasing every year and reached to an amount of about 20 million tons a year in 2001. The wastes occur in the production of PET fiber in the amount of about 3–5% of total production. The PET does not degrade for a long time in nature. Since PET is a derivative of petroleum, the wastes of PET are valuable and must be recycled. One of the recycling method of PET wastes is re-melting. Thus, various properties of the PET wastes were improved using the re-melting method by employing an extruder manufactured for the work. Degradation during re-melting decreases the properties of the final product. The results indicate that the properties of recycled PET wastes can be monitored by designing the parameters of the extruder. Also, the further degradation of the material can be prevented and the recycling costs are minimized.     

湘南红壤丘陵区农户经济行为对土地退化的影响分析——以祁东县紫云村为例

通过在湖南省祁东县紫云材进行的土地利用及农户经济行为调查,从土地状况、从业选择、农具、农田设施、耕作方式和效益等方面,分析了湘南红壤丘陵区农户社会经济行为对土地质量的影响。结果表明：紫云村农户重“品种”轻“土壤”,水田土壤有机质含量减少,理化性状变差,土壤自然肥力降低,旱地、林地粗放经营,质量退化。改变农户只重“品种”而忽视“土壤”的观念、提高耕地复种指数、建立合理的轮作体系和水土保持型高效集约持续的耕作制度、加强林业管理和经营、加大农业投入、搞好农田水利建设是防止本区土地退化和保证本区农业可持续发展的对策。     

Quantification of Polymerisation Processes During The Oxidative Degradation of 14C-Labelled Chlorophenols

In experiments employing the lignocellulose-decaying basidiomycetes Trametes versicolor and Stropharia rugosoannulata degrading uniformly¹⁴C-labelled 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol, acombination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC),fractionation, and -scintillation counting wasapplied to quantify polymerisation products formed duringchlorophenol degradation. Time-dependent mass balances weregenerated by analysis of ¹⁴C in polymerisation products,CO₂, as well as monomer non-polar and polar metabolites.Approximately 30% of the chlorophenols were found to bepolymerised. A major fraction of the polymerised productscorresponded to a molecular weight range from 0.24 – 40 kDa.Only a minor fraction could be attributed to a molecularweight >40 kDa. This method proved to be useful inquantification of polymerisation products and kinetics of thepolymerisation processes, whereas UV/Vis detection ofpolymerisation products separated by SEC led to false positiveresults. The SEC-¹⁴C method could also be applied forother complex processes where polymerisation ordepolymerisation occurs (humification, degradation oflignocellulose, formation of bound residues from xenobioticssuch as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and where spectrophotometric determinationsare difficult or impossible.     

Changing Approaches to Mountain Watersheds Management in Mainland South and Southeast Asia

Mountain watersheds, comprising a substantial proportion of national territories of countries in mainland South and Southeast Asia, are biophysical and socioeconomic entities, regulating the hydrological cycle, sequestrating carbon dioxide, and providing natural resources for the benefit of people living in and outside the watersheds. A review of the literature reveals that watersheds are undergoing degradation at varying rates caused by a myriad of factors ranging from national policies to farmers' socioeconomic conditions. Many agencies—governmental and private—have tried to address the problem in selected watersheds. Against the backdrop of the many causes of degradation, this study examines the evolving approaches to watershed management and development. Until the early 1990s, watershed management planning and implementation followed a highly centralized approach focused on heavily subsidized structural measures of soil conservation, planned and implemented without any consultation with the mainstream development agencies and local people. Watershed management was either the sole responsibility of specially created line agencies or a project authority established by external donors. As a consequence, the initiatives could not be continued or contribute to effective conservation of watersheds. Cognizant of this, emphasis has been laid on integrated, participatory approaches since the early 1990s. Based on an evaluation of experiences in mainland South and Southeast Asia, this study finds not much change in the way that management plans are being prepared and executed. The emergence of a multitude of independent watershed management agencies, with their own organizational structures and objectives and planning and implementation systems has resulted in watershed management endeavors that have been in complete disarray. Consistent with the principle of sustainable development, a real integrated, participatory approach requires area-specific conservation programs that are well incorporated into integrated socioeconomic development plans prepared and implemented by local line agencies in cooperation with nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and concerned people.     

2,3,7,8-四氯代二苯并噻吩在锦鲫不同组织中的生物富集及对肝脏的氧化损伤

研究了含硫"类二噁英"化合物多氯代二苯并噻吩(PCDTs)中的2,3,7,8-四氯代二苯并噻吩(2,3,7,8-TCDT)在锦鲫(Carassius auratus)不同组织中的生物富集规律和对肝脏的氧化损伤.结果表明,2,3,7,8-TCDT在锦鲫各组织中的富集能力表现为肝脏>鳃>肌肉.2,3,7,8-TCDT在锦鲫...