蒸汽抑制熄灭酒精池火有效性的模拟实验研究

蒸汽灭火系统在酒类作业场所有着广阔的应用前景.通过全淹没和局部保护实验对蒸汽抑制熄灭酒精池火的有效性进行了研究.实验结果表明,全淹方式难以有效控火,但是布局合理的局部保护方式能够有效熄灭酒精池火.蒸汽灭火过程中稀释O2浓度的灭火机理起到的作用较小,蒸汽的火焰拉伸效果是其主导灭火机理.     

BDK62系列矿井主扇系统的改造与应用

叙述了 BDK6 2系列矿井主扇系统原设计中存在的问题 ,针对这些问题进行了相应的改造 ,效果良好     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THREE WETLAND ENVIRONMENTS IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Accurate estimates of evapotranspiration from areas dominated by wetland vegetation are needed in the water budget of the Upper St. Johns River Basin. However, local data on evapotranspiration rates, especially in wetland environments, were lacking in the project area. In response to this need, the St. Johns River Water Management District collected evapotranspiration field data in Fort Drum Marsh Conservation Area over the period 1996 through 1999. Three large lysimeters were installed to measure the evapotranspiration from different wetland environments: sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense), cattail (Typha domingensis), and open water. In addition, pan evaporation was measured with a standard class “A” pan. Concurrently, meteorological data including rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, air temperature, and atmospheric pressure were collected. By comparing computed evapotranspiration rates with those measured in the lysimeters, parameters in the Penman‐Monteith, the Priestley‐Taylor, and Reference‐ET methods, and evaporation pan coefficients were estimated for monthly and seasonal cycles. The results from the data collected in this study show that mean monthly evapotranspiration rates, computed by the different methods, are relatively close. From a practical point of view, results indicate that the evaporation pan can be used equally well as the more complex and data‐intensive methods. This paper presents the measured evapotranspiration rates, evaporation pan coefficients, and the estimated parameter values for three different methods to compute evapotranspiration in the project area. Since local data on evaporation are often scarce or lacking, this information may be useful to watershed hydrologists for practical application in other project regions.     

受限空间脉冲细水雾系统关键参数试验与数值模拟研究

为了研究脉冲细水雾的关键参数,采用FDS软件对不同周期的脉冲细水雾熄灭受限空间油盘火进行了数值模拟,分析了脉冲周期的优化设置、细水雾的灭火效果和灭火机理。根据模拟结果进行参数设置,建立了脉冲细水雾试验平台,对脉冲细水雾熄灭不同尺寸油盘火进行了试验研究,并与数值模拟结果对比。研究表明:脉冲细水雾的最佳周期应满足喷头开启时间接近雾滴降至燃料表面的时间,暂停时间接近雾滴的生存时间;脉冲细水雾能熄灭不同尺寸火源,其灭火效果优于连续细水雾,雾滴蒸发效率更高,灭火机理为水雾蒸发稀释氧气而窒息灭火。     

长江流域蒸发皿蒸发量及影响因素变化趋势

采用MannK-endall非参数检验方法和反距离权重插值法IDW对长江流域近40年来20cm蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响因素进行了时空变化趋势分析,研究结果表明:近40年来,长江流域年平均蒸发皿蒸发量在全流域和不同区域内均呈现显著的下降趋势,且中下游地区(99%的置信度)比上游地区(95%的置信度)下降趋势显著,夏季(99%的置信度)比其它季节下降趋势显著。影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要气象因子太阳净辐射和风速呈现显著下降趋势,气温表现为显著升高趋势,但中下游地区夏季温度微弱下降,降水微弱增加,但中下游地区夏季降水显著增加。因此,长江流域年平均太阳净辐射和风速的显著下降是年平均蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降的主要原因,而中下游地区夏季气温的微弱下降和降水的显著增加使得中下游地区夏季蒸发皿蒸发量下降趋势尤其显著。     

中国水面蒸发量的变化

采用600余个台站资料,对全国及主要流域蒸发皿记录的蒸发量及相关气候要素变化趋势进行了分析。1956-2000年期间,我国水面蒸发量呈显著下降趋势,东部、南部和西北地区下降更多。我国长江、海河、淮河、珠江以及西北诸河流域的年平均水面蒸发量均明显减少,海河和淮河流域减少尤为显著,黄河和辽河流域减少也较明显,但松花江和西南诸河流域未见明显变化。长江、淮河流域夏季减少速率最大,珠江、辽河以春季减少为主,海河、西北诸河流域春、夏两季都显著减少,黄河、东南诸河、西南诸河等流域四季均有轻度减少,松花江流域四季变化趋势都不明显。全国多数地区日照时数、平均风速和温度日较差同水面蒸发量具有显著的正相关性,并与水面蒸发呈同步减少,为引起大范围蒸发量趋向减少的直接气候因子;地表气温和相对湿度一般在蒸发减少不很显著的地区与蒸发量具有较好的相关性,绝大部分地区气温显著上升,相对湿度稳定或微弱下降,表明其对水面蒸发量趋势变化的影响是次要的。